CapitalMalabo
Population1,795,834
Area28,051 km²
GDP per capita$15,500
LanguagesSpanish is the official language at, while other languages account for
CurrencyCooperation Financiere en Afrique Centrale francs
Life Expectancy63.9 yr
Governmentpresidential republic
Introduction
Background
Equatorial Guinea consists of a continental territory and five inhabited islands; it is one of the smallest countries by area and population in Africa. The mainland region was most likely predominantly inhabited by Pygmy ethnic groups prior to the migration of various Bantu-speaking ethnic groups around the second millennium BC. The island of Bioko, the largest of Equatorial Guinea’s five inhabited islands and the location of the country’s capital of Malabo, has been occupied since at least 1000 B.C. In the early 1470s, Portuguese explorers landed on Bioko Island, and Portugal soon after established control of the island and other areas of modern Equatorial Guinea. In 1778, Portugal ceded its colonial hold over present-day Equatorial Guinea to Spain in the Treaty of El Pardo. The borders of modern-day Equatorial Guinea would evolve between 1778 and 1968 as the area remained under European colonial rule.
In 1968, Equatorial Guinea was granted independence from Spain and elected Francisco MACIAS NGUEMA as its first president. MACIAS consolidated power soon after his election and ruled brutally for over a decade. Under his regime, Equatorial Guinea experienced mass suppression, purges, and killings. Some estimates indicate that a third of the population either went into exile or was killed under MACIAS’ rule. In 1979, present-day President OBIANG Nguema Mbasogo, then a senior military officer, deposed MACIAS in a violent coup. OBIANG has ruled since and has been elected in non-competitive contests several times, most recently in 2022. The president exerts near-total control over the political system.
Equatorial Guinea experienced rapid economic growth in the early years of the 21st century due to the discovery of large offshore oil reserves in 1996. Production peaked in 2004 and has declined since. The country's economic windfall from oil production resulted in massive increases in government revenue, a significant portion of which was earmarked for infrastructure development. Systemic corruption, however, has hindered socio-economic development, and the population has seen only limited improvements to living standards. Equatorial Guinea continues to seek to diversify its economy, increase foreign investment, and assume a greater role in regional and international affairs. 
Geography
Area
land
28,051 sq km
water
0 sq km
total
28,051 sq km
Climate
tropical; consistently warm and humid
Terrain
coastal plains rise to hills in the interior; the islands are of volcanic origin
Land use
other
9.9% (2023 est.)
forest
86.4% (2023 est.)
agricultural land
3.7% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 1.9% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 1.7% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 0.2% (2023 est.)
Location
Central Africa, adjacent to the Bight of Biafra, situated between Cameroon and Gabon
Coastline
296 km
Elevation
lowest point
Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point
Pico Basile 3,008 m
mean elevation
577 m
Irrigated land
NA
Map references
Africa
Land boundaries
total
528 km
border countries
Cameroon 183 km; Gabon 345 km
Maritime claims
territorial sea
12 nm
exclusive economic zone
200 nm
Natural hazards
intense windstorms; sudden floods
volcanism: Santa Isabel (3,007 m), the only historically active volcano in the nation, last erupted in 1923; both Santa Isabel and two dormant volcanoes constitute Bioko Island in the Gulf of Guinea
Geography - note
insular and continental areas are significantly distanced; contrary to its name, no segment of the equator traverses Equatorial Guinea -- the mainland region is positioned just north of the equator
Natural resources
petroleum, natural gas, timber, gold, bauxite, diamonds, tantalum, sand and gravel, clay
Area - comparative
slightly smaller than the state of Maryland
Geographic coordinates
2 00 N, 10 00 E
Population distribution
the major urban centers are Bata on the mainland and the capital, Malabo, situated on Bioko Island; various small communities are dispersed across the mainland and the five inhabited islands, as depicted in this population distribution map
People & Society
Languages
Languages
Spanish is the official language at 67.6%, while other languages (which include Fang, Bubi, Portuguese, French, and Fa d'Ambo spoken in Annobon) account for 32.4% (estimation from 1994)
major-language sample(s)
La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions
The religious demographics include Roman Catholic at 88%, Protestant at 5%, Muslim at 2%, and other faiths at 5% (such as animist, Baha'i, and Jewish) based on estimates from 2015
Sex ratio
at birth
1.03 male(s)/female
0-14 years
1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years
1.22 male(s)/female
total population
1.16 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
65 years and over
1.09 male(s)/female
Birth rate
28.55 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate
8.81 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Median age
male
22.7 years
total
22.3 years (2025 est.)
female
21.5 years
Population
male
962,385
total
1,795,834 (2024 est.)
female
833,449
Nationality
noun
Equatorial Guinean(s) or Equatoguinean(s)
adjective
Equatorial Guinean or Equatoguinean
Urbanization
urban population
74.4% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization
3.62% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Age structure
0-14 years
35.6% (male 330,636/female 309,528)
15-64 years
59.4% (male 585,139/female 481,121)
65 years and over
5% (2024 est.) (male 46,610/female 42,800)
Ethnic groups
The ethnic composition consists of Fang at 78.1%, Bubi at 9.4%, Ndowe at 2.8%, Nanguedambo at 2.7%, Bisio at 0.9%, foreigners at 5.3%, other groups at 0.7%, and unspecified at 0.2% (2011 estimates)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio
68.4 (2024 est.)
youth dependency ratio
60 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio
11.9 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio
8.4 (2024 est.)
Physician density
0.15 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
3.4% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
4.4% of national budget (2022 est.)
Net migration rate
11.29 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Total fertility rate
4.05 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Infant mortality rate
male
83.3 deaths/1,000 live births
total
76.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
female
71.3 deaths/1,000 live births
Population growth rate
3.1% (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate
1.99 (2025 est.)
Population distribution
The principal urban areas include Bata on the mainland and Malabo, the capital, located on Bioko Island; additionally, small populations are distributed across the mainland and the five inhabited islands, as depicted in this population distribution map
Life expectancy at birth
male
61.6 years
female
66.2 years
total population
63.9 years (2024 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio
174 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita
beer
3.83 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine
1.24 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
total
6.11 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits
0.99 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols
0.05 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Major urban areas - population
297,000 MALABO (capital) (2018)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
8% (2016)
Environment
Climate
tropical; consistently warm and moist
Land use
other
9.9% (2023 est.)
forest
86.4% (2023 est.)
agricultural land
3.7% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 1.9% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 1.7% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 0.2% (2023 est.)
Urbanization
urban population
74.4% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization
3.62% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Methane emissions
other
2.2 kt (2019-2021 est.)
waste
10 kt (2019-2021 est.)
energy
129.8 kt (2022-2024 est.)
agriculture
0.4 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually
198,400 tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled
23.9% (2022 est.)
Environmental issues
deforestation (due to agricultural growth, wildfires, and livestock grazing); desertification; pollution of water sources; drinking water unsafe; conservation of wildlife
Total water withdrawal
municipal
15.8 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
industrial
3 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural
1 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions
total emissions
5.471 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas
4.575 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke
1 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids
896,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions
26.5 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Total renewable water resources
26 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
International environmental agreements
party to
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified
Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban
Government
Flag
description: three horizontal bands of equal size in green (top), white, and red, accompanied by a blue isosceles triangle on the left side and a coat of arms placed centrally in the white band; the coat of arms features six yellow six-pointed stars (symbolizing the mainland and five surrounding islands) positioned above a gray shield adorned with a silk-cotton tree; beneath this is a scroll inscribed with the motto UNIDAD, PAZ, JUSTICIA (Unity, Peace, Justice)
meaning: green represents the jungle and natural resources, blue signifies the sea, white symbolizes peace, and red denotes the struggle for independence
Capital
name
Malabo; note - Malabo is situated on the island of Bioko; during certain months of the year, the government operates from Bata located on the mainland.
etymology
The city was established in 1827 by English settlers who named it Port Clarence in honor of the Duke of CLARENCE; it was later renamed Santa Isabel in 1843 after Queen ISABELLA II of Spain; in 1973, it was again renamed to honor King MALABO (1837–1937), the last monarch of the Bubi ethnic group.
time difference
UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
geographic coordinates
3 45 N, 8 47 E
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Citizenship
citizenship by birth
no
citizenship by descent only
at least one parent must be a citizen of Equatorial Guinea
dual citizenship recognized
no
residency requirement for naturalization
10 years
Constitution
history
previously in 1968, 1973, and 1982; sanctioned by referendum on 17 November 1991
amendment process
proposed by the president of the republic or endorsed by three-fourths of the members in either chamber of the National Assembly; passage necessitates a three-fourths majority vote in both chambers of the Assembly and ratification in a referendum if sought by the president
Country name
former
Spanish Guinea
etymology
the nation derives its name from the Guinea region of West Africa, which extends along the Gulf of Guinea and stretches northward to the Sahel; the term "equatorial" indicates that the country is located just north of the Equator
local long form
Republica de Guinea Ecuatorial (Spanish)/ République de Guinée équatoriale (French)
local short form
Guinea Ecuatorial (Spanish)/Guinée équatoriale (French)
conventional long form
Republic of Equatorial Guinea
conventional short form
Equatorial Guinea
Independence
12 October 1968 (from Spain)
Legal system
a hybrid system of civil law and customary law
Government type
presidential republic
Judicial branch
highest court(s)
Supreme Court of Justice (comprising the President of the Supreme Court and nine judges organized into civil, criminal, commercial, labor, administrative, and customary divisions); Constitutional Court (consisting of the court president and four members)
subordinate courts
Court of Guarantees; military courts; Courts of Appeal; first instance tribunals; district and county courts
judge selection and term of office
Supreme Court judges are appointed by the president for terms of five years; members of the Constitutional Court are appointed by the president, two of whom are nominated by the Chamber of Deputies
Executive branch
cabinet
Council of Ministers appointed by the president and overseen by the prime minister
chief of state
President OBIANG Nguema Mbasogo (since 3 August 1979)
election results
2022: OBIANG Nguema Mbasogo reelected as president; percentage of vote - OBIANG Nguema Mbasogo (PDGE) 95%, others 6.1%
2016: OBIANG Nguema Mbasogo reelected as president; percentage of vote - OBIANG Nguema Mbasogo (PDGE) 93.5%, others 6.5%
head of government
Prime Minister Manuel Osa Nsue Nsua (since 17 August 2024)
most recent election date
20 November 2022
election/appointment process
the president is elected directly by simple-majority popular vote for a term of seven years (eligible for one additional term); the prime minister and deputy prime ministers are appointed by the president
expected date of next election
2029
National holiday
Independence Day, 12 October (1968)
National color(s)
green, white, red, blue
Political parties
Center Right Union or UCD
Convergence Party for Social Democracy or CPDS
Democratic Party for Equatorial Guinea or PDGE
Liberal Democratic Convention or CLD
Liberal Party or PL
National Congress of Equatorial Guinea (CNGE)
National Democratic Party (PNDGE)
National Democratic Union or UDENA
National Union for Democracy PUNDGE
Popular Action of Equatorial Guinea or APGE
Popular Union or UP
Progressive Democratic Alliance or ADP
Social and Popular Convergence Party or CSDP
Social Democratic Coalition Party (PCSD)
Social Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea or PSDGE
Social Democratic Union or UDS
Socialist Party of Equatorial Guinea
Legislative branch
legislature name
Parliament (Parlamento)
legislative structure
bicameral
National anthem(s)
title
"Caminemos pisando la senda" (Let Us Tread the Path)
history
adopted 1968
lyrics/music
Atanasio Ndongo MIYONO/Atanasio Ndongo MIYONO or Ramiro Sanchez LOPEZ (disputed)
National symbol(s)
silk cotton tree
National coat of arms
the national emblem, the silk cotton tree, is featured at the center of the coat of arms; this tree marks the site where the initial treaty was established between local leaders and the Portuguese; the stars above the tree represent the mainland and the five offshore islands; a ribbon beneath the shield carries the national motto, “Unidad, Paz, Justicia” (Unity, Peace, Justice)
Administrative divisions
8 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Annobon, Bioko Norte, Bioko Sur, Centro Sur, Djibloho, Kie-Ntem, Litoral, Wele-Nzas
Legislative branch - lower chamber
chamber name
Chamber of Deputies (Cámara de los Diputados)
term in office
5 years
number of seats
100 (all directly elected)
electoral system
proportional representation
scope of elections
full renewal
most recent election date
11/20/2022
expected date of next election
November 2027
percentage of women in chamber
31%
parties elected and seats per party
Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea (PDGE) and its allies (100)
Legislative branch - upper chamber
chamber name
Senate (Senado)
term in office
5 years
number of seats
70 (55 directly elected; 15 appointed)
electoral system
proportional representation
scope of elections
full renewal
most recent election date
11/20/2022
expected date of next election
November 2027
percentage of women in chamber
25%
parties elected and seats per party
Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea (PDGE) and its allies (55)
Diplomatic representation in the US
FAX
[1] (202) 518-5252
chancery
2020 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone
[1] (202) 518-5700
chief of mission
Ambassador Dr. Crisantos OBAMA ONDO (since 27 February 2024)
consulate(s) general
Houston
email address and website
[email protected]
https://www.egembassydc.com/
Diplomatic representation from the US
embassy
Malabo II Highway (connecting the Headquarters of Sonagas and the offices of the United Nations), Malabo
telephone
[240] 333 09-57-41
mailing address
2320 Malabo Place, Washington, DC 20521-2520
chief of mission
Ambassador David R. GILMOUR (since 24 May 2022)
email address and website
[email protected]
https://gq.usembassy.gov/
International organization participation
ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, CEMAC, CPLP, FAO, Francophonie, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WTO (observer)
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Economy
Budget
revenues
$3.62 billion (2022 est.)
expenditures
$2.051 billion (2022 est.)
Exports
Exports 2022
$7.25 billion (2022 est.)
Exports 2023
$4.516 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2024
$4.489 billion (2024 est.)
Imports
Imports 2022
$3.948 billion (2022 est.)
Imports 2023
$3.065 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2024
$3.24 billion (2024 est.)
Industries
petroleum, natural gas, sawmilling
Labor force
715,000 (2024 est.)
Public debt
Public debt 2016
43.3% of GDP (2016 est.)
Remittances
Remittances 2021
0% of GDP (2021 est.)
Remittances 2022
0% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances 2023
0% of GDP (2023 est.)
Exchange rates
Currency
Cooperation Financiere en Afrique Centrale francs (XAF) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2020
575.586 (2020 est.)
Exchange rates 2021
554.531 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2022
623.76 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2023
606.57 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2024
606.345 (2024 est.)
Economic overview
expanding CEMAC economy and new OPEC member; substantial oil and gas reserves; aiming for economic diversification and poverty alleviation; still in recovery from the CEMAC crisis; enhancing public financial management; ongoing poverty challenges; significantly impacted by COVID-19
Unemployment rate
Unemployment rate 2022
8.5% (2022 est.)
Unemployment rate 2023
8.4% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate 2024
7.9% (2024 est.)
Exports - partners
China 27%, Netherlands 12%, Spain 10%, Italy 7%, Germany 6% (2023)
Imports - partners
China 20%, Spain 17%, USA 10%, Gabon 5%, UK 5% (2023)
Real GDP per capita
Real GDP per capita 2022
$16,900 (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023
$15,700 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2024
$15,500 (2024 est.)
Real GDP growth rate
Real GDP growth rate 2022
3.2% (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2023
-5.1% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2024
0.9% (2024 est.)
Agricultural products
sweet potatoes, cassava, plantains, oil palm fruit, root vegetables, bananas, coconuts, coffee, cocoa beans, chicken (2023)
Exports - commodities
crude petroleum, natural gas, alcohols, wood, scrap iron (2023)
Imports - commodities
ships, poultry, plastic products, beer, valves (2023)
Taxes and other revenues
6.6% (of GDP) (2022 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate)
$12.766 billion (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use
household consumption
52.9% (2024 est.)
government consumption
28.3% (2024 est.)
investment in inventories
-0.1% (2024 est.)
investment in fixed capital
9.1% (2024 est.)
exports of goods and services
35.2% (2024 est.)
imports of goods and services
-25.4% (2024 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020
4.8% (2020 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021
-0.1% (2021 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022
4.8% (2022 est.)
Industrial production growth rate
0.8% (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022
$30.539 billion (2022 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023
$28.985 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024
$29.248 billion (2024 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
male
13.9% (2024 est.)
total
14.7% (2024 est.)
female
15.7% (2024 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021
$44.271 million (2021 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022
$1.458 billion (2022 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023
$1.538 billion (2023 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
industry
45.8% (2024 est.)
services
51.1% (2024 est.)
agriculture
3.1% (2024 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share
lowest 10%
2.6% (2022 est.)
highest 10%
29.1% (2022 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022
38.5 (2022 est.)
Energy
Coal
imports
8 metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum
total petroleum production
98,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves
1.1 billion barrels (2021 est.)
refined petroleum consumption
6,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Electricity
consumption
1.402 billion kWh (2023 est.)
installed generating capacity
349,000 kW (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses
170.527 million kWh (2023 est.)
Natural gas
exports
3.63 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
production
6.013 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
consumption
2.332 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
proven reserves
139.007 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Electricity access
electrification - rural areas
1.4%
electrification - urban areas
89.8%
electrification - total population
67% (2022 est.)
Energy consumption per capita
Total energy consumption per capita 2023
54.509 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources
fossil fuels
68.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity
31.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Communications
Internet users
percent of population
60% (2023 est.)
Broadcast media
The government exercises authority over broadcast media, which includes 1 state-operated television station, 1 privately-owned television station belonging to the president's eldest son, 1 state-run radio station, and 1 privately-owned radio station also owned by the president's eldest son; satellite television services are accessible; broadcasts from various international outlets are typically available (2019)
Internet country code
.gq
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions
11,000 (2022 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
1 (2022 est.) less than 1
Telephones - mobile cellular
total subscriptions
893,441 (2022 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
50 (2022 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions
total
2,000 (2022 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
(2022 est.) less than 1
Transportation
Ports
large
0
small
1
medium
0
key ports
Bata, Ceiba Terminal, Cogo, Luba, Malabo, Punta Europa Terminal, Serpentina Terminal
very small
6
total ports
7 (2024)
ports with oil terminals
6
Airports
7 (2025)
Merchant marine
total
53 (2023)
by type
1 bulk carrier, 16 general cargo vessels, 7 oil tankers, 29 others
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
3C
Military & Security
Military - note
The Armed Forces of Equatorial Guinea (FAGE) are tasked with the protection of the nation's territory and sovereignty. Additionally, the FAGE undertakes certain internal security responsibilities, which include performing police functions in border regions, sensitive locations, and areas with high traffic. A significant focus is placed on maritime security, particularly in safeguarding offshore oil facilities and addressing piracy and criminal activities in the Gulf of Guinea (2025)
Military expenditures
Military Expenditures 2020
1.6% of GDP (2020 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021
1.3% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022
1.3% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023
1.6% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2024
1% of GDP (2024)
Military and security forces
Equatorial Guinea Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas de Guinea Ecuatorial, FAGE): comprising the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Gendarmerie (Guardia Civil) (2025)
Military service age and obligation
Voluntary military service is available for individuals aged 18-25; there is also selective compulsory military service for men, accompanied by a 24-month service commitment (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
The FAGE is primarily equipped with older weapons systems, often dating back to the Soviet era, and many are secondhand. In recent years, efforts have been made to modernize its naval fleet through acquisitions from various nations, including Bulgaria and Israel, with additional equipment supplied by China and Russia (2025)
Military and security service personnel strengths
An estimated 2,000 personnel are part of the active Armed Forces, including the Gendarmerie (2025)
Transnational Issues
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees
5 (2024 est.)
