CapitalSkopje
Population2,137,556
Area25,713 km²
GDP per capita$24,500
LanguagesMacedonian, Albanian, Turkish, Romani, other and Bosnian), unspecified .
CurrencyMacedonian denars
Life Expectancy77.3 yr
Governmentparliamentary republic
Introduction
Background
In 1991, North Macedonia peacefully attained independence from Yugoslavia, adopting the name "Macedonia." Greece opposed this designation, claiming it suggested territorial claims over the Greek province of Macedonia, which led to several years of democratic regression that hindered North Macedonia's progress towards Euro-Atlantic integration. Following the declaration of independence, Greece attempted to obstruct North Macedonia's bid for UN membership if the name "Macedonia" was retained. Ultimately, the country was admitted to the UN in 1993 as "The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia," while simultaneously agreeing to engage in UN-mediated discussions regarding the name conflict. In 1995, Greece lifted a 20-month trade embargo, and both nations agreed to normalize their relations, yet the naming issue remained unresolved amid ongoing negotiations. As a temporary solution, the US and more than 130 other countries recognized Macedonia by its constitutional title, Republic of Macedonia.
In 2001, ethnic Albanian discontent regarding perceived political and economic disparities culminated in an armed conflict, which led to the internationally facilitated Ohrid Framework Agreement. This agreement concluded the hostilities and set forth guidelines for constitutional revisions and new legislation aimed at improving minority rights. In 2018, the government enacted a new language law, which established Albanian as an official language at the national level while maintaining the Macedonian language as the exclusive official language in international affairs; however, relations between ethnic Macedonians and ethnic Albanians continue to be complex.
In 2018, Macedonia and Greece formalized the Prespa Agreement, under which Macedonia consented to change its name to North Macedonia, with the agreement taking effect on 12 February 2019. North Macedonia became a NATO member in 2020 after modifying its constitution as per the agreement and initiated EU accession discussions in 2022 following a two-year veto by Bulgaria concerning issues of identity, language, and historical matters. The political crisis triggered by the 2014 legislative and presidential elections persisted for nearly three years, escalating in 2015 when the opposition party began disclosing wiretapped information that indicated widespread corruption and abuse within the government. The nation continues to confront challenges, such as fully executing reforms to address years of democratic decline, fostering economic growth and development, and combating organized crime and corruption.
Geography
Area
land
25,433 sq km
water
280 sq km
total
25,713 sq km
Climate
summers and autumns that are warm and dry; winters that are relatively cold with substantial snowfall
Terrain
characterized by mountains, profound basins, and valleys; contains three significant lakes, each separated by a border; the nation is split by the Vardar River
Land use
other
9.5% (2023 est.)
forest
40.9% (2023 est.)
agricultural land
49.6% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 16.5% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 1.6% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 31.5% (2023 est.)
Location
located in Southeastern Europe, to the north of Greece
Coastline
0 km (landlocked)
Elevation
lowest point
Vardar River 50 m
highest point
Golem Korab (Maja e Korabit) 2,764 m
mean elevation
741 m
Irrigated land
844 sq km (2016)
Map references
Europe
Land boundaries
total
838 km
border countries
bordering Albania at 181 km; Bulgaria at 162 km; Greece at 234 km; Kosovo at 160 km; and Serbia at 101 km
Maritime claims
none (landlocked)
Natural hazards
experiences high seismic activity
Geography - note
is landlocked; serves as a key transportation route connecting Western and Central Europe to the Aegean Sea and linking Southern Europe with Western Europe
Natural resources
resources include low-grade iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, manganese, nickel, tungsten, gold, silver, asbestos, gypsum, timber, and cultivable land
Area - comparative
slightly larger than the state of Vermont; approximately four times the area of Delaware
Geographic coordinates
41 50 N, 22 00 E
Population distribution
features a fairly uniform population distribution across most regions, with urban centers drawing larger and denser groups of inhabitants
Major watersheds (area sq km)
Atlantic Ocean drainage
(Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)
People & Society
Literacy
female
97.8% (2018 est.)
Languages
Languages
Macedonian (official) 61.4%, Albanian (official) 24.3%, Turkish 3.4%, Romani 1.7%, other (which includes Aromanian (Vlach) and Bosnian) 2%, unspecified 7.2% (2021 estimate).
major-language sample(s)
Книга на Светски Факти, неопходен извор на основни информации. (Macedonian)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions
Orthodox 46.1%, Islam 32.2%, Christian 13.2%, Other 7.2%; less than 1%: atheist, Catholic, other religions, unspecified, Protestant (2021 estimate).
Sex ratio
at birth
1.07 male(s)/female
0-14 years
1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years
1.03 male(s)/female
total population
0.99 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
65 years and over
0.79 male(s)/female
Birth rate
10.07 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate
9.62 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Median age
male
39.4 years
total
40.9 years (2025 est.)
female
41.6 years
Population
male
1,065,634
total
2,137,556 (2025 est.)
female
1,071,922
Nationality
noun
Macedonian(s)
adjective
Macedonian
Urbanization
urban population
59.5% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization
0.61% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Age structure
0-14 years
16% (male 176,423/female 164,945)
15-64 years
68.4% (male 740,649/female 719,627)
65 years and over
15.6% (2024 est.) (male 147,655/female 186,323)
Ethnic groups
Macedonian 58.4%, Albanian 24.3%, Turkish 3.9%, Romani 2.5%, Serb 1.3%, other 2.3%, no ethnic affiliation data available 7.2% (2021 estimate).
Child marriage
women married by age 15
0.3% (2019)
women married by age 18
7.5% (2019)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio
46.9 (2025 est.)
youth dependency ratio
23.3 (2025 est.)
potential support ratio
4.2 (2025 est.)
elderly dependency ratio
23.6 (2025 est.)
Physician density
2.94 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
8.5% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
12.4% of national budget (2022 est.)
Net migration rate
0.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Hospital bed density
4.2 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Total fertility rate
1.53 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Drinking water source
improved: rural
rural: 97.4% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total
total: 97.8% of population (2022 est.)
improved: urban
urban: 98.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural
rural: 2.6% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total
total: 2.2% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban
urban: 1.9% of population (2022 est.)
Infant mortality rate
male
7.9 deaths/1,000 live births
total
6.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
female
6 deaths/1,000 live births
Population growth rate
0.08% (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate
0.74 (2025 est.)
Population distribution
a relatively uniform distribution across most of the country, with urban regions drawing in larger and denser populations.
Life expectancy at birth
male
75.3 years
female
79.6 years
total population
77.3 years (2024 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio
3 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Sanitation facility access
improved: rural
rural: 98.6% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total
total: 99.4% of population (2022 est.)
improved: urban
urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural
rural: 1.4% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total
total: 0.6% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban
urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita
beer
1.93 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine
1.03 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
total
3.9 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits
0.9 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols
0.03 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Major urban areas - population
611,000 SKOPJE (capital) (2023)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
22.4% (2016)
Mother's mean age at first birth
26.9 years (2020 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
66.1% (2021 est.)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight
0.9% (2019 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
male
14 years (2022 est.)
total
15 years (2022 est.)
female
15 years (2022 est.)
Environment
Climate
summers and autumns characterized by warmth and dryness; winters that are comparatively cold with significant snowfall
Land use
other
9.5% (2023 est.)
forest
40.9% (2023 est.)
agricultural land
49.6% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 16.5% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 1.6% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 31.5% (2023 est.)
Urbanization
urban population
59.5% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization
0.61% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually
627,000 tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled
4.9% (2022 est.)
Environmental issues
air contamination originating from metallurgical factories, emissions from wood-burning heating systems, and automobile exhaust
Total water withdrawal
municipal
305.4 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
industrial
31.54 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural
139 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions
total emissions
7.369 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas
673,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke
3.014 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids
3.682 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions
28.7 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Total renewable water resources
6.4 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
International environmental agreements
party to
Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified
none of the selected agreements
Government
Flag
description: a crimson field featuring a yellow sun (the Sun of Liberty) at its center, surrounded by eight expanding rays that reach the edges
meaning: the colors red and yellow have historically been linked to Macedonia
Capital
name
Skopje
etymology
the designation is believed to have Illyrian or Macedonian roots, with its meaning remaining ambiguous; it originates from Scupi, the name used during the Roman period
time difference
UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, in Standard Time)
daylight saving time
+1hr, starts on the last Sunday of March; concludes on the last Sunday of October
geographic coordinates
42 00 N, 21 26 E
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Citizenship
citizenship by birth
no
citizenship by descent only
at least one parent must be a citizen of North Macedonia
dual citizenship recognized
no
residency requirement for naturalization
8 years
Constitution
history
multiple previous ones (since 1944); the most recent was adopted on 17 November 1991, taking effect on 20 November 1991
amendment process
can be proposed by the president of the republic, the government, a minimum of 30 members of the Assembly, or via a petition signed by at least 150,000 citizens; final ratification necessitates a two-thirds majority in the Assembly
Country name
former
Democratic Federal Macedonia, People's Republic of Macedonia, Socialist Republic of Macedonia, Republic of Macedonia
etymology
the term is derived from the ancient kingdom of Macedon (7th to 2nd centuries B.C.), with its etymology uncertain; it might stem from the mythological figure Macedon, son of the Greek god Zeus; alternatively, it could originate from the Greek term makednos, meaning "tail," or the Illyrian word maketia, signifying "cattle"
local long form
Republika Severna Makedonija
local short form
Severna Makedonija
conventional long form
Republic of North Macedonia
conventional short form
North Macedonia
Independence
8 September 1991 (referendum endorsed independence from Yugoslavia)
Legal system
civil law system; includes judicial review of legislative actions
Government type
parliamentary republic
Judicial branch
highest court(s)
Supreme Court (comprising 22 judges); Constitutional Court (comprising 9 judges)
subordinate courts
Courts of Appeal; Basic Courts
judge selection and term of office
Judges of the Supreme Court are nominated by the Judicial Council, a 7-member group of legal experts, and appointed by the Assembly; tenure for judges is not applicable; judges of the Constitutional Court are appointed by the Assembly for a single, non-renewable term of 9 years
Executive branch
cabinet
Council of Ministers elected by the Assembly by simple majority vote
chief of state
President Gordana SILJANOVSKA-DAVKOVA (since 12 May 2024)
election results
2024: Hristijan MICKOSKI was elected as prime minister; Assembly vote - 77 in favor, 22 against
2024: Gordana SILJANOVSKA-DAVKOVA won the presidency in the second round; vote percentage - Gordana SILJANOVSKA-DAVKOVA (VMRO-DPMNE) 69%, Stevo PENDAROVSKI (SDSM) 31%
2024: Talat XHAFERI appointed as caretaker prime minister; Assembly vote - 65 in favor (with opposition boycotting)
2022: Dimitar KOVACEVSKI was elected as prime minister; Assembly vote - not applicable
head of government
Prime Minister Hristijan MICKOSKI (since 23 June 2024)
most recent election date
24 April and 8 May 2024
election/appointment process
the president is elected directly using a modified two-round system; a candidate may be elected in the first round only with an absolute majority from all registered voters; in the second round, at least 40% voter turnout is required for the results to be valid; the president serves a 5-year term and is eligible for re-election; typically, following legislative elections, the Assembly elects the leader of the majority party or coalition as prime minister
expected date of next election
2029
National holiday
Independence Day, celebrated on 8 September (1991), also recognized as National Day
National color(s)
red, yellow
National heritage
total World Heritage Sites
2 (both natural)
selected World Heritage Site locales
Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Ohrid Region; Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians
Political parties
Alliance for Albanians or AfA or ASH
Alternative (Alternativa) or AAA
Besa Movement or BESA
Citizen Option for Macedonia or GROM
Democratic Alliance or DS
Democratic Movement or LD
Democratic Party of Albanians or PDSH
Democratic Party of Serbs or DPSM
Democratic Renewal of Macedonia or DOM
Democratic Union for Integration or BDI
European Democratic Party or PDE
Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization - Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity or VMRO-DPMNE
Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization - People's Party or VMRO-NP
Liberal Democratic Party or LDP
New Social-Democratic Party or NSDP
Social Democratic Union of Macedonia or SDSM
Socialist Party of Macedonia or SPM
Srpska Stranka in Macedonia or SSM
The Left (Levica)
The People Movement or LP
Turkish Democratic Party or TDP
Turkish Movement Party or THP
We Can! (a coalition that includes SDSM/BESA/VMRO-NP, DPT, LDP)
Legislative branch
term in office
4 years
number of seats
123 (all directly elected)
electoral system
mixed system
legislature name
Assembly of the Republic (Sobranie)
scope of elections
full renewal
legislative structure
unicameral
most recent election date
5/8/2024
expected date of next election
May 2028
percentage of women in chamber
39.2%
parties elected and seats per party
Coalition "Your Macedonia" (led by VMRO-DPMNE) (58); Coalition "European Front" (led by the Democratic Union for Integration – DUI) (18); Coalition "For a European Future" (led by the Social Democratic Union of Macedonia – SDSM) (18); Coalition VLEN (14); ZNAM (Movement "I know": For our Macedonia) (6); The Left (Levica) (6)
National anthem(s)
title
"Denes nad Makedonija" (Today Over Macedonia)
history
composed in 1943 and adopted in 1991, this song previously functioned as the anthem of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia during its time as part of Yugoslavia
lyrics/music
Vlado MALESKI/Todor SKALOVSKI
National symbol(s)
eight-rayed sun
Administrative divisions
80 municipalities (opstini, singular - opstina) and 1 city* (grad); Aracinovo, Berovo, Bitola, Bogdanci, Bogovinje, Bosilovo, Brvenica, Caska, Centar Zupa, Cesinovo-Oblesevo, Cucer Sandevo, Debar, Debarca, Delcevo, Demir Hisar, Demir Kapija, Dojran, Dolneni, Gevgelija, Gostivar, Gradsko, Ilinden, Jegunovce, Karbinci, Kavadarci, Kicevo, Kocani, Konce, Kratovo, Kriva Palanka, Krivogastani, Krusevo, Kumanovo, Lipkovo, Lozovo, Makedonska Kamenica, Makedonski Brod, Mavrovo i Rostuse, Mogila, Negotino, Novaci, Novo Selo, Ohrid, Pehcevo, Petrovec, Plasnica, Prilep, Probistip, Radovis, Rankovce, Resen, Rosoman, Skopje*, Sopiste, Staro Nagoricane, Stip, Struga, Strumica, Studenicani, Sveti Nikole, Tearce, Tetovo, Valandovo, Vasilevo, Veles, Vevcani, Vinica, Vrapciste, Zelenikovo, Zelino, Zrnovci
*the Greater Skopje area is composed of 10 municipalities: Aerodrom, Butel, Centar, Chair, Gazi Baba, Gjorce Petrov, Karposh, Kisela Voda, Saraj, and Shuto Orizari
Diplomatic representation in the US
FAX
[1] (202) 667-2104
chancery
2129 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone
[1] (202) 667-0501
chief of mission
Ambassador Zoran POPOV (since 16 September 2022)
consulate(s) general
Chicago, Detroit, New York
email address and website
[email protected]
United States (mfa.gov.mk)
Diplomatic representation from the US
FAX
[389] (2) 310-2499
embassy
Str. Samoilova, Nr. 21, 1000 Skopje
telephone
[389] (2) 310-2000
mailing address
7120 Skopje Place, Washington, DC 20521-7120
chief of mission
Ambassador Angela AGGELER (since 8 November 2022)
email address and website
[email protected]
https://mk.usembassy.gov/
International organization participation
BIS, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EU (candidate country), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
International law organization participation
has not provided a declaration for ICJ jurisdiction; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Economy
Budget
revenues
$4.787 billion (2023 est.)
expenditures
$5.514 billion (2023 est.)
Exports
Exports 2022
$10.123 billion (2022 est.)
Exports 2023
$10.691 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2024
$10.445 billion (2024 est.)
Imports
Imports 2022
$13.009 billion (2022 est.)
Imports 2023
$12.748 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2024
$12.644 billion (2024 est.)
Industries
food processing, beverages, textiles, chemicals, iron, steel, cement, energy, pharmaceuticals, automotive components
Labor force
779,200 (2024 est.)
Public debt
Public debt 2017
39.3% of GDP (2017 est.)
Remittances
Remittances 2022
3.3% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances 2023
2.9% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2024
2.7% of GDP (2024 est.)
Exchange rates
Currency
Macedonian denars (MKD) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2020
54.144 (2020 est.)
Exchange rates 2021
52.102 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2022
58.574 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2023
56.947 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2024
56.873 (2024 est.)
Debt - external
Debt - external 2023
$5.637 billion (2023 est.)
Economic overview
upper-middle-income economy in Europe; economic growth is largely influenced by private consumption, investments in public infrastructure, and increases in wages; progress towards EU membership has stalled; rising public debt attributed to high pensions, wages, and interest payments; faces structural issues such as emigration, low productivity growth, and governance challenges
Unemployment rate
Unemployment rate 2022
14.5% (2022 est.)
Unemployment rate 2023
13.2% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate 2024
13.5% (2024 est.)
Exports - partners
Germany 39%, Serbia 8%, Bulgaria 6%, Greece 5%, Czechia 3% (2023)
Imports - partners
UK 12%, Germany 10%, Greece 9%, China 9%, Serbia 8% (2023)
Real GDP per capita
Real GDP per capita 2022
$22,800 (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023
$23,300 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2024
$24,500 (2024 est.)
Real GDP growth rate
Real GDP growth rate 2022
2.8% (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2023
2.1% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2024
2.8% (2024 est.)
Agricultural products
chillies/peppers, milk, wheat, potatoes, grapes, barley, cabbages, maize, watermelons, tomatoes (2023)
Exports - commodities
reaction and catalytic products, insulated wire, electricity, garments, seats (2023)
Imports - commodities
platinum, refined petroleum, laboratory ceramic ware, cars, natural gas (2023)
Current account balance
Current account balance 2022
-$868.965 million (2022 est.)
Current account balance 2023
$56.573 million (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2024
-$374.385 million (2024 est.)
Taxes and other revenues
17.9% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate)
$16.685 billion (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use
household consumption
67.9% (2024 est.)
government consumption
16.8% (2024 est.)
investment in inventories
0% (2024 est.)
investment in fixed capital
28.4% (2024 est.)
exports of goods and services
62.7% (2024 est.)
imports of goods and services
-75.8% (2024 est.)
Population below poverty line
21.8% (2019 est.)
Average household expenditures
on food
30.6% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
on alcohol and tobacco
4.8% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022
14.2% (2022 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023
9.4% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024
3.5% (2024 est.)
Industrial production growth rate
1.8% (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022
$41.801 billion (2022 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023
$42.668 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024
$43.844 billion (2024 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
male
29.2% (2024 est.)
total
30.3% (2024 est.)
female
32.3% (2024 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022
$4.12 billion (2022 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023
$5.015 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024
$5.252 billion (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
industry
22.7% (2024 est.)
services
59.2% (2024 est.)
agriculture
6% (2024 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share
lowest 10%
1.9% (2019 est.)
highest 10%
22.9% (2019 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2019
33.5 (2019 est.)
Energy
Coal
exports
58,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
imports
41,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
production
4 million metric tons (2023 est.)
consumption
5.344 million metric tons (2023 est.)
proven reserves
332 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum
refined petroleum consumption
24,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Electricity
exports
7.081 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports
7.232 billion kWh (2023 est.)
consumption
5.896 billion kWh (2023 est.)
installed generating capacity
2.467 million kW (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses
993.662 million kWh (2023 est.)
Natural gas
imports
347.981 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
consumption
348.078 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
Electricity access
electrification - total population
100% (2022 est.)
Energy consumption per capita
Total energy consumption per capita 2023
56.104 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources
wind
2.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar
4.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
fossil fuels
68.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity
24% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste
0.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Communications
Internet users
percent of population
87% (2023 est.)
Broadcast media
The public television entity, Macedonian Radio and Television, runs 5 national terrestrial television channels along with 2 satellite channels. Additionally, there are 11 regional TV stations that provide national coverage, and 29 regional and local broadcasters. A significant number of cable operators deliver both domestic and international content. The public radio service encompasses 3 stations, while there are 4 privately owned national radio stations and 60 regional and local operators as of 2023.
Internet country code
.mk
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions
439,000 (2022 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
24 (2022 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular
total subscriptions
1.98 million (2024 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
108 (2024 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions
total
515,000 (2022 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
28 (2022 est.)
Transportation
Airports
13 (2025)
Railways
total
699 km (2020) 313 km electrified
Heliports
13 (2025)
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
Z3
Military & Security
Military - note
The Army of the Republic of North Macedonia (ARSM) is tasked with safeguarding the nation's territory and sovereignty, while also fulfilling North Macedonia's obligations to NATO and European security, and aiding in peace and security operations under the auspices of the EU, NATO, and UN. The ARSM has engaged in various multinational missions and operations across Afghanistan (NATO), Bosnia and Herzegovina (EU), Eastern Europe (NATO), Iraq (NATO), Kosovo (NATO), and Lebanon (UN). A significant emphasis over the last ten years has been placed on enhancing capabilities and updating the predominantly Soviet-era-equipped ARSM to meet NATO standards. Following its accession as the 30th member of the Alliance in 2020, the ARSM has increased its involvement in NATO training exercises and currently has a limited number of combat troops stationed in Bulgaria and Romania as part of NATO's Enhanced Forward Presence mission, which was initiated in response to Russian military actions against Ukraine (2025).
Military expenditures
Military Expenditures 2021
1.5% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022
1.6% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023
1.7% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2024
1.9% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military Expenditures 2025
2% of GDP (2025 est.)
Military and security forces
Army of the Republic of North Macedonia (ARSM or ARNM): a joint force comprising air, ground, reserve, special operations, and support units (2025).
Military service age and obligation
The minimum age for voluntary military service is 18 years; conscription was abolished in 2007 (2025).
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
The military's arsenal consists of a combination of Russian/Soviet-era weapons and an increasing amount of contemporary equipment sourced from nations such as Türkiye, the UK, and the US (2025).
Military and security service personnel strengths
The active military force comprises around 6,000 personnel (2025).
Terrorism
Terrorist group(s)
Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)
Transnational Issues
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees
20,937 (2024 est.)
stateless persons
159 (2024 est.)
