CapitalAnkara
Population84,625,585
Area783,562 km²
GDP per capita$35,300
LanguagesTurkish , Kurdish, and various minority languages
CurrencyTurkish liras
Life Expectancy76.7 yr
Governmentpresidential republic
Introduction
Background
In 1923, Modern Turkey emerged from the remnants of the Ottoman Empire, spearheaded by reformist and national figure Mustafa KEMAL, who is also referred to as Ataturk or the "Father of the Turks." The era of one-party governance concluded in 1950, leading to a series of instabilities and military coups that have disrupted the multiparty democracy, occurring in the years 1960, 1971, 1980, 1997, and 2016.
Turkey became a member of the United Nations in 1945 and joined NATO in 1952. In 1963, Turkey secured associate membership in the European Community and initiated accession discussions with the European Union in 2005. In 1974, Turkey launched a military intervention in Cyprus to avert a Greek takeover of the island and has since acted as the patron state to the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus," a state that is recognized solely by Turkey. The Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), designated as a terrorist organization by the United States, started a separatist insurgency in Turkey in 1984, dominating the focus of Turkish security forces for an extended period. Although negotiations between the Turkish Government and the PKK were held in 2013 to seek an end to the violence, significant hostilities resumed in 2015.
In 2017, the Turkish Government held a referendum in which the electorate approved constitutional revisions that transitioned Turkey from a parliamentary system to a presidential one.
Geography
Area
land
769,632 sq km
water
13,930 sq km
total
783,562 sq km
Climate
temperate; characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters; more severe conditions in the interior
Terrain
high central plateau (Anatolia); a narrow coastal plain; numerous mountain ranges
Land use
other
20.5% (2023 est.)
forest
29.3% (2023 est.)
agricultural land
50.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 26.3% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 4.8% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 19% (2023 est.)
Location
Located in Southeastern Europe and Southwestern Asia (the segment of Turkey west of the Bosporus is considered part of Europe), bordered by the Black Sea between Bulgaria and Georgia, as well as the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas between Greece and Syria
Coastline
7,200 km
Elevation
lowest point
Mediterranean Sea 0 m
highest point
Mount Ararat 5,137 m
mean elevation
1,132 m
Irrigated land
52,150 sq km (2022)
Map references
Middle East
Land boundaries
total
2,816 km
border countries
Armenia 311 km; Azerbaijan 17 km; Bulgaria 223 km; Georgia 273 km; Greece 192 km; Iran 534 km; Iraq 367 km; Syria 899 km
Maritime claims
territorial sea
6 nm in the Aegean Sea
exclusive economic zone
in Black Sea only: to the maritime boundary agreed on with the former USSR
Natural hazards
frequent severe earthquakes, particularly in northern Turkey, following an arc from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van; also landslides and flooding
volcanism: limited volcanic activity; the three historically active volcanoes (Ararat, Nemrut Dagi, and Tendurek Dagi) have not erupted since the 19th century or earlier
Geography - note
strategically positioned to control the Turkish Straits (Bosporus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles), which connect the Black and Aegean Seas; 3% of Turkish land north of the Straits is in Europe, known as European Turkey, Eastern Thrace, or Turkish Thrace; the remaining 97% of the country lies in Asia, referred to as Anatolia; Istanbul, which spans the Bosporus, is the sole metropolis globally located on two continents; Mount Ararat, believed to be the resting place of Noah's ark, is situated in the far eastern region of the nation
Natural resources
coal, iron ore, copper, chromium, antimony, mercury, gold, barite, borate, celestite (strontium), emery, feldspar, limestone, magnesite, marble, perlite, pumice, pyrites (sulfur), clay, arable land, hydropower
Area - comparative
slightly larger than the state of Texas
Geographic coordinates
39 00 N, 35 00 E
Population distribution
the most heavily populated region is near the Bosporus in the northwest, where 20% of the populace resides in Istanbul; aside from Ankara, urban centers are generally small and dispersed throughout the interior of Anatolia; there is a predominant pattern of peripheral development, especially along the western Aegean Sea coastline and the Tigris and Euphrates river systems in the southeast
Major lakes (area sq km)
salt water lake(s)
Lake Van - 3,740 sq km; Lake Tuz - 1,640 sq km;
fresh water lake(s)
Lake Beysehir - 650 sq km; Lake Egridir - 520 sq km
Major watersheds (area sq km)
Indian Ocean drainage
(Persian Gulf) Tigris and Euphrates (918,044 sq km)
Major rivers (by length in km)
Euphrates river source (shared with Syria, Iran, and Iraq [m]) - 3,596 km; Tigris river source (shared with Syria, Iran, and Iraq [m]) - 1,950 km
note: [s] following country name indicates river source; [m] following country name denotes river mouth
People & Society
Literacy
male
99.3% (2021 est.)
female
95.3% (2021 est.)
total population
97.3% (2021 est.)
Languages
Languages
Turkish (official), Kurdish, and various minority languages
major-language sample(s)
The World Factbook, temel bilgi edinmek için vazgeçilmez bir kaynak. (Turkish)
ڕاستییەکانی جیهان، باشترین سەرچاوەیە بۆ زانیارییە بنەڕەتییەکان (Kurdish)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions
Muslim 99.8% (predominantly Sunni), other 0.2% (mainly Christians and Jews)
Sex ratio
at birth
1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years
1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years
1.03 male(s)/female
total population
1.01 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
65 years and over
0.83 male(s)/female
Birth rate
13.56 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate
6.19 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Median age
male
33.4 years
total
34.4 years (2025 est.)
female
34.6 years
Population
male
42,489,277
total
84,625,585 (2025 est.)
female
42,136,308
Nationality
noun
Turk(s)
adjective
Turkish
Tobacco use
male
40.1% (2025 est.)
total
30.1% (2025 est.)
female
20.1% (2025 est.)
Urbanization
urban population
77.5% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization
1.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Age structure
0-14 years
21.7% (male 9,358,711/female 8,933,673)
15-64 years
68.6% (male 29,219,389/female 28,494,315)
65 years and over
9.6% (2024 est.) (male 3,669,330/female 4,444,113)
Ethnic groups
Turkish 70-75%, Kurdish 19%, and other minorities 6-11% (2016 estimate)
Child marriage
women married by age 15
2% (2018)
women married by age 18
14.7% (2018)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio
45.7 (2025 est.)
youth dependency ratio
31.2 (2025 est.)
potential support ratio
6.9 (2025 est.)
elderly dependency ratio
14.6 (2025 est.)
Physician density
2.24 physicians/1,000 population (2022)
Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
4.6% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
10% of national budget (2022 est.)
Net migration rate
-1.51 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Hospital bed density
3 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Total fertility rate
1.88 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Drinking water source
improved: rural
rural: 96% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total
total: 97% of population (2022 est.)
improved: urban
urban: 97.3% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural
rural: 4% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total
total: 3% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban
urban: 2.7% of population (2022 est.)
Education expenditure
Education expenditure (% GDP)
3.1% of GDP (2022 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget)
11.3% national budget (2022 est.)
Infant mortality rate
male
19.9 deaths/1,000 live births
total
17.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
female
16.7 deaths/1,000 live births
Population growth rate
0.59% (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate
0.92 (2025 est.)
Population distribution
The region with the highest population density is located around the Bosporus in the northwest, where 20% of the population resides in Istanbul; aside from Ankara, urban areas are generally small and dispersed throughout the central part of Anatolia; there is a notable trend of peripheral development, especially along the western Aegean Sea coastline and the Tigris and Euphrates River systems in the southeast.
Life expectancy at birth
male
74.4 years
female
79.2 years
total population
76.7 years (2024 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio
15 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Sanitation facility access
improved: rural
rural: 98.7% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total
total: 99.6% of population (2022 est.)
improved: urban
urban: 99.8% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural
rural: 1.3% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total
total: 0.4% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban
urban: 0.2% of population (2022 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita
beer
0.67 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine
0.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
total
1.18 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits
0.35 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols
0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Major urban areas - population
15.848 million Istanbul, 5.397 million ANKARA (capital), 3.088 million Izmir, 2.086 million Bursa, 1.836 million Adana, 1.805 million Gaziantep (2023)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
32.1% (2016)
Mother's mean age at first birth
26.6 years (2020 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
59.6% (2021 est.)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight
1.5% (2018 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
male
20 years (2022 est.)
total
20 years (2022 est.)
female
20 years (2022 est.)
Environment
Climate
characterized by temperate conditions; summers are hot and dry while winters are mild and wet; more severe climates are found in the interior regions
Geoparks
global geoparks and regional networks
Kula-Salihli (2023)
total global geoparks and regional networks
1
Land use
other
20.5% (2023 est.)
forest
29.3% (2023 est.)
agricultural land
50.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 26.3% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 4.8% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 19% (2023 est.)
Urbanization
urban population
77.5% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization
1.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually
35.374 million tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled
32% (2022 est.)
Environmental issues
contamination of water sources due to the disposal of chemicals and detergents; air quality issues, especially in metropolitan areas; loss of forests; deterioration of land; preservation of biodiversity
Total water withdrawal
municipal
7.144 billion cubic meters (2022)
industrial
1.297 billion cubic meters (2022)
agricultural
56.127 billion cubic meters (2022)
Carbon dioxide emissions
total emissions
399.173 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas
96.703 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke
155.26 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids
147.211 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions
23.1 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Total renewable water resources
211.6 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
International environmental agreements
party to
Air Pollution, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified
Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Environmental Modification
Government
Flag
description: a red field featuring a vertical white crescent moon with a five-pointed white star positioned just outside the crescent's opening
meaning: the colors and motifs of the flag bear a strong resemblance to that of the Ottoman Empire; the crescent moon and star are emblematic of Turkic populations; one interpretation suggests that the flag symbolizes the reflection of a moon and a star in the blood of fallen Turkish warriors
Capital
name
Ankara
etymology
the name is likely derived from the Indo-European root word ang, which translates to "bend" and is associated with the settlement's initial location in a meandering gorge; by the 13th century, the city was known as Angora; the name was officially changed to Ankara in 1923, coinciding with the establishment of the Republic of Turkey
time difference
UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
geographic coordinates
39 56 N, 32 52 E
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Citizenship
citizenship by birth
no
citizenship by descent only
at least one parent must be a citizen of Turkey
dual citizenship recognized
yes, although it necessitates prior approval from the government
residency requirement for naturalization
5 years
Constitution
history
several previous; latest ratified 9 November 1982
amendment process
proposed with written consent from at least one-third of the members of the Grand National Assembly (GNA) of Turkey (TBMM); the adoption of draft amendments mandates two discussions in a plenary session of the TBMM and a three-fifths majority vote of all GNA members; the president of the republic may request the TBMM to reconsider the amendment and, if it is readopted by a two-thirds majority in the TBMM vote, the president can present the amendment for a referendum; the passage of the referendum requires an absolute majority vote
Country name
etymology
the name means "Land of the Turks"
local long form
Turkey Cumhuriyeti
local short form
Turkey
conventional long form
Republic of Turkey
conventional short form
Turkey
Independence
29 October 1923 (the republic was declared, succeeding the Ottoman Empire)
Legal system
civil law system influenced by various European legal frameworks, particularly the Swiss civil code
Government type
presidential republic
Judicial branch
highest court(s)
Constitutional Court or Anayasa Mahkemesi (comprised of the president, 2 vice presidents, and 12 judges); Court of Cassation (approximately 390 judges organized into civil and penal chambers); Council of State (structured into 15 divisions – 14 judicial and 1 consultative – each led by a division head and containing at least 5 members)
subordinate courts
regional appeals courts; basic (first instance) courts; peace courts; aggravated crime courts; specialized courts including administrative and audit
judge selection and term of office
members of the Constitutional Court - 3 are appointed by the Grand National Assembly and 12 by the president of the republic; the court president and 2 deputy presidents are selected from among its members for 4-year terms; judges have nonrenewable 12-year terms, with mandatory retirement at age 65; judges of the Court of Cassation are appointed by the Board of Judges and Prosecutors, a 13-member judicial body; judges serve until retirement at age 65; members of the Council of State are appointed by the Board and the president of the republic; they serve renewable 4-year terms
Executive branch
cabinet
Council of Ministers appointed by the president
chief of state
President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 28 August 2014)
election results
2023: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN was reelected as president in the second round - Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 52.2%, Kemal KILICDAROGLU (CHP) 47.8%
2018: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN was reelected as president in the first round - Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 52.6%, Muharrem INCE (CHP) 30.6%, Selahattin DEMIRTAS (HDP) 8.4%, Meral AKSENER (IYI) 7.3%, others 1.1%
head of government
President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 9 July 2018)
most recent election date
14 May 2023, with a runoff on 28 May 2023
election/appointment process
the president is elected directly by an absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if necessary, for a term of 5 years (eligible for a second term)
expected date of next election
2028
National holiday
Republic Day, 29 October (1923)
National color(s)
red, white
National heritage
total World Heritage Sites
22 (20 cultural, 2 mixed)
selected World Heritage Site locales
Archaeological Site of Troy (c); Ephesus (c); Diyarbakır Fortress and Hevsel Gardens Cultural Landscape (c); Hierapolis-Pamukkale (m); Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia (m); Göbekli Tepe (c); Historic Areas of Istanbul (c); Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex (c); Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük (c); Bursa and Cumalıkızık: the Birth of the Ottoman Empire (c); Gordion (c); Great Mosque and Hospital of Divriği (c); Hattusha: the Hittite Capital (c); Nemrut Dağ (c); Xanthos-Letoon (c); City of Safranbolu (c); Pergamon and its Multi-Layered Cultural Landscape (c); Archaeological Site of Ani (c); Aphrodisias (c); Arslantepe Mound (c); Wooden Hypostyle Mosques of Medieval Anatolia (c); Turkmenistan (c); Sardis and the Lydian Tumuli of Bin Tepe (c)
Political parties
Democracy and Progress Party or DEVA
Democrat Party or DP
Democratic Regions Party or DBP
Felicity Party (Saadet Party) or SP
Free Cause Party or HUDA PAR
Future Party (Gelecek Partisi) or GP
Good Party or IYI
Grand Unity Party or BBP
Justice and Development Party or AKP
Labor and Freedom Alliance (an electoral alliance including YSGP, HDP, TIP)
Nationalist Movement Party or MHP
New Welfare Party or YRP
Party of Greens and the Left Future or YSGP
People's Alliance (an electoral alliance including AKP, BBP, MHP, YRP)
Peoples' Democratic Party or HDP
Republican People's Party or CHP
Workers' Party of Turkey or TIP
Legislative branch
term in office
5 years
number of seats
600 (all directly elected)
electoral system
proportional representation
legislature name
Grand National Assembly of Türkiye (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi (T.B.M.M))
scope of elections
full renewal
legislative structure
unicameral
most recent election date
5/14/2023
expected date of next election
May 2028
percentage of women in chamber
19.9%
parties elected and seats per party
Justice and Development Party (Ak Party) (267); Republican People's Party (CHP) (130); Green and the Left Party of the Future (YSGP) (57); Nationalist Action Party (MHP) (50); Good Party (İyi Party) (44); Other (52)
National anthem(s)
title
"Istiklal Marsi" (The March of Independence)
history
lyrics adopted in 1921, music adopted in 1932; the anthem's original music was first adopted in 1924
lyrics/music
Mehmet Akif ERSOY/Zeki UNGOR
National symbol(s)
vertical crescent moon with adjacent five-pointed star
Administrative divisions
81 provinces (iller, singular - ili); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyonkarahisar, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Ardahan, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Bartin, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, Diyarbakir, Duzce, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Igdir, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir (Smyrna), Kahramanmaras, Karabuk, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kilis, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mersin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Osmaniye, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Sanliurfa, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon (Trebizond), Tunceli, Usak, Van, Yalova, Yozgat, Zonguldak
Diplomatic representation in the US
FAX
[1] (202) 612-6744
chancery
2525 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone
[1] (202) 612-6700
chief of mission
Ambassador Sedat ÖNAL (since 17 June 2024)
consulate(s) general
Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco
email address and website
[email protected]
T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı - Turkish Embassy In Washington, D.C. (mfa.gov.tr)
Diplomatic representation from the US
FAX
[90] (312) 467-0019
embassy
1480 Sokak No. 1, Cukurambar Mahallesi, 06530 Cankaya, Ankara
telephone
[90] (312) 294-0000
consulate(s)
Adana
mailing address
7000 Ankara Place, Washington, DC 20512-7000
chief of mission
Ambassador Thomas J. BARRACK (since 14 May 2025)
consulate(s) general
Istanbul
email address and website
[email protected]
https://tr.usembassy.gov/
International organization participation
ADB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, CPLP (associate observer), D-8, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EU (candidate country), FAO, FATF, G-20, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club (associate), PCA, PIF (partner), SCO (dialogue member), SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
International law organization participation
has not provided a declaration of jurisdiction to the ICJ; not a party to the ICCt
Economy
Budget
revenues
$330.21 billion (2023 est.)
expenditures
$382.998 billion (2023 est.)
Exports
Exports 2022
$346.602 billion (2022 est.)
Exports 2023
$357.588 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2024
$372.756 billion (2024 est.)
Imports
Imports 2022
$383.7 billion (2022 est.)
Imports 2023
$386.602 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2024
$367.022 billion (2024 est.)
Industries
textiles, food processing, automobiles, electronics, mining (coal, chromate, copper, boron), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper
Labor force
36.081 million (2024 est.)
Public debt
Public debt 2023
33.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances
Remittances 2022
0.1% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances 2023
0.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2024
0.1% of GDP (2024 est.)
Exchange rates
Currency
Turkish liras (TRY) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2020
7.009 (2020 est.)
Exchange rates 2021
8.85 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2022
16.549 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2023
23.739 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2024
32.806 (2024 est.)
Debt - external
Debt - external 2023
$149.654 billion (2023 est.)
Economic overview
an upper-middle-income, diversified economy in the Middle East; an industrializing economy that upholds a significant agricultural sector; prominent sectors include energy, tourism, and construction; high inflation, interest rates, and foreign debt present a threat to financial stability
Unemployment rate
Unemployment rate 2022
10.5% (2022 est.)
Unemployment rate 2023
9.4% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate 2024
8.5% (2024 est.)
Exports - partners
Germany 9%, USA 6%, UK 6%, UAE 5%, Iraq 5% (2023)
Imports - partners
China 13%, Russia 9%, Germany 9%, Switzerland 6%, USA 5% (2023)
Real GDP per capita
Real GDP per capita 2022
$32,700 (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023
$34,300 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2024
$35,300 (2024 est.)
Real GDP growth rate
Real GDP growth rate 2022
5.5% (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2023
5.1% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2024
3.2% (2024 est.)
Agricultural products
sugar beets, wheat, milk, tomatoes, barley, maize, potatoes, apples, grapes, watermelons (2023)
Exports - commodities
garments, cars, gold, refined petroleum, vehicle parts/accessories (2023)
Imports - commodities
gold, refined petroleum, cars, plastics, natural gas (2023)
Current account balance
Current account balance 2022
-$46.283 billion (2022 est.)
Current account balance 2023
-$39.877 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2024
-$9.973 billion (2024 est.)
Taxes and other revenues
18.5% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate)
$1.323 trillion (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use
household consumption
59.4% (2024 est.)
government consumption
14.7% (2024 est.)
investment in inventories
-5.5% (2024 est.)
investment in fixed capital
31% (2024 est.)
exports of goods and services
28% (2024 est.)
imports of goods and services
-27.8% (2024 est.)
Population below poverty line
13.9% (2022 est.)
Average household expenditures
on food
22.8% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
on alcohol and tobacco
2.3% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022
72.3% (2022 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023
53.9% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024
58.5% (2024 est.)
Industrial production growth rate
2.2% (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022
$2.783 trillion (2022 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023
$2.925 trillion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024
$3.018 trillion (2024 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
male
12.4% (2024 est.)
total
15.6% (2024 est.)
female
21.2% (2024 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022
$128.735 billion (2022 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023
$140.868 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024
$154.774 billion (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
industry
25.9% (2024 est.)
services
56.8% (2024 est.)
agriculture
5.6% (2024 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share
lowest 10%
2.1% (2022 est.)
highest 10%
35.2% (2022 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022
44.5 (2022 est.)
Energy
Coal
exports
685,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
imports
41.119 million metric tons (2023 est.)
production
82.534 million metric tons (2023 est.)
consumption
124.183 million metric tons (2023 est.)
proven reserves
10.975 billion metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum
total petroleum production
83,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves
366 million barrels (2021 est.)
refined petroleum consumption
1.107 million bbl/day (2024 est.)
Electricity
exports
1.993 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports
5.892 billion kWh (2023 est.)
consumption
285.177 billion kWh (2023 est.)
installed generating capacity
106.281 million kW (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses
28.964 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Natural gas
exports
896.281 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports
50.484 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
production
807.281 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
consumption
50.211 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
proven reserves
3.794 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Nuclear energy
Number of nuclear reactors under construction
4 (2025)
Electricity access
electrification - total population
100% (2022 est.)
Energy consumption per capita
Total energy consumption per capita 2023
70.521 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources
wind
10.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar
6.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
geothermal
2.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
fossil fuels
57.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity
19.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste
2.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Communications
Internet users
percent of population
87% (2024 est.)
Broadcast media
The Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT) manages various television and radio networks along with stations; numerous privately owned national television channels and 567 regional and local private TV stations; access to multi-channel cable television; and 1,007 private radio stations as of 2019.
Internet country code
.tr
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions
9.926 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
11 (2023 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular
total subscriptions
94.3 million (2024 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
108 (2024 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions
total
19.6 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
22 (2023 est.)
Transportation
Ports
large
3
small
6
medium
3
key ports
Haydarpaşa, Istanbul, İzmir, Mersin, Nemrut Bay, Samsun
very small
42
total ports
54 (2024)
ports with oil terminals
28
Airports
116 (2025)
Railways
total
11,497 km (2018)
standard gauge
11,497 km (2018) 1.435-m gauge (1.435 km high speed train)
Heliports
240 (2025)
Merchant marine
total
1,170 (2023)
by type
bulk carriers 43, container vessels 43, general cargo ships 223, oil tankers 134, other types 727
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
TC
Military & Security
Military - note
the responsibilities of the Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) include protecting the country's territory and sovereignty, participating in international peacekeeping operations, fulfilling Türkiye’s military commitments to NATO, providing disaster/humanitarian relief and assistance to domestic law enforcement if requested by civil authorities, and supporting the country's overall national security interests; it also has overall responsibility for the security of Türkiye’s borders
Türkiye is active in international peacekeeping and other military/security operations under NATO and the UN, as well as under bilateral agreements with some countries, such as Azerbaijan, Libya, Somalia, and Qatar; Türkiye has been a member of NATO since 1952 and hosts the headquarters for a NATO Land Command and a Rapid Deployment Corps, multiple airbases for NATO and US aircraft, NATO air/missile defense systems, and training centers; the TAF is the second-largest military in NATO behind the US
the military traces its history back to 200 B.C., although the modern TAF was formed following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire at the conclusion of the Turkish War of Independence (1919-1923); the TAF traditionally has been viewed as the “guardian” of Turkish politics, but its political role was diminished after the failed 2016 coup attempt; the military has a stake in Türkiye's economy through a holding company that is involved in the automotive, defense, energy, finance, and logistics sectors, as well as iron and steel production (2025)
Military deployments
approximately 250 Bosnia-Herzegovina (EUFOR); approximately 30,000 Cyprus; 730 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR); Turkiye also has several thousand military personnel deployed to other countries under bilateral agreements, including Azerbaijan, Libya, Qatar, and Somalia (2025)
Military expenditures
Military Expenditures 2021
1.6% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022
1.4% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023
1.5% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2024
2.1% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military Expenditures 2025
2.3% of GDP (2025 est.)
Military and security forces
Turkish Armed Forces (TAF; Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri, TSK): Turkish Land Forces (Türk Kara Kuvvetleri), Turkish Naval Forces (Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri; includes naval air and naval infantry), Turkish Air Forces (Türk Hava Kuvvetleri)
Ministry of Interior: Gendarmerie General Command (aka Gendarmerie of the Turkish Republic), Turkish Coast Guard Command, General Directorate of Security (National Police) (2025)
Military service age and obligation
military service is compulsory for Turkish men 20-41 for a period of 6-12 months; men and women may volunteer (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the military's inventory is comprised of domestically produced and mostly European (such as Germany, Italy, and Spain) or US armaments; other suppliers have included Russia and South Korea; Türkiye's defense industry produces a range of weapons systems for both export and internal use, including armored vehicles, naval vessels, and unmanned aerial vehicles/drones; some of its domestically produced armaments are produced jointly with foreign partners or based on imported weapons systems and produced under license (2025)
Military and security service personnel strengths
approximately 495,000 active military personnel; approximately 150,000 Gendarmerie (2025)
Terrorism
Terrorist group(s)
Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU); Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC)/Qods Force; Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK); al-Qa'ida; Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front (DHKP/C)
Transnational Issues
Refugees and internally displaced persons
IDPs
538,105 (2024 est.)
refugees
3,094,818 (2024 est.)
stateless persons
420 (2024 est.)
Space
Space launch site(s)
rocket testing launch facility located on the Black Sea in Sinop Province; developing a rocket launch installation in Somalia (2025)
Space agency/agencies
Turkish Space Agency (TUA; founded 2018) (2025)
Space program overview
possesses a comprehensive national space initiative emphasizing satellites, satellite components, satellite launch capabilities, software engineering, ground station technologies, and the enhancement of the nation's space industries; produces and manages remote sensing and telecommunications satellites; in recent years, has embarked on a satellite/space launch vehicle (SLV) initiative aimed at independently deploying satellites into orbit and sending a probe to the Moon; collaborates with over 25 international space agencies and companies, including those from Azerbaijan, China, France, India, Japan, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Russia, South Korea, Ukraine, and the US, along with the ESA; maintains state-run rocket and satellite development firms, some of which operate under the Ministry of Defense; features an expanding private space industry sector, and the Turkish Government has committed to boosting the nation's share in the global space market (2025)
Key space-program milestones
1994 - first commercial communications satellite developed in partnership with and launched by France
2003 - first domestically manufactured experimental remote sensing (RS) satellite (BILSAT) launched by Russia
2018 - launched the first domestically produced solid-fuel sounding rocket reaching an altitude of 135 km (84 mi)
2024 - first Turkish astronaut travels to space aboard the International Space Station; first domestically manufactured communications satellite launched by the US
2025 - successfully launched a 2-stage hybrid rocket surpassing 200 km (124 mi) in altitude
