CapitalPodgorica
Population599,849
Area13,812 km²
GDP per capita$27,900
LanguagesThe ethnic composition is as follows: Serbian, Montenegrin, Bosnian, Albanian, Serbo-Croat, other ethnic groups, and unspecified based on the 2011 estimate.
Currencyeuros
Life Expectancy78.2 yr
Governmentparliamentary republic
Introduction
Background
The use of the name Crna Gora or Black Mountain (Montenegro) began in the 13th century in reference to a highland region in the Serbian province of Zeta. Under Ottoman control beginning in 1496, Montenegro was a semi-autonomous theocracy ruled by a series of bishop princes until 1852, when it became a secular principality. Montenegro fought a series of wars with the Ottomans and eventually won recognition as an independent sovereign principality at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. In 1918, the country was absorbed by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. At the end of World War II, Montenegro joined the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). When the SFRY dissolved in 1992, Montenegro and Serbia created the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), which shifted in 2003 to a looser State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. Montenegro voted to restore its independence on 3 June 2006. Montenegro became an official EU candidate in 2010 and joined NATO in 2017.
Geography
Area
land
13,452 sq km
water
360 sq km
total
13,812 sq km
Climate
Characterized by a Mediterranean climate, the region experiences hot, dry summers and autumns, alongside relatively cold winters marked by significant snowfall in inland areas.
Terrain
The coastline is deeply indented, featuring a narrow coastal plain that is flanked by steep, high limestone mountains and plateaus.
Land use
other
18.9% (2023 est.)
forest
61.5% (2023 est.)
agricultural land
19.6% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 0.7% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 0.4% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 18.5% (2023 est.)
Location
Located in Southeastern Europe, this area lies between the Adriatic Sea and Serbia.
Coastline
293.5 km
Elevation
lowest point
Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point
Zia Kolata 2,534 m
mean elevation
1,086 m
Irrigated land
24 sq km (2012)
Map references
Europe
Land boundaries
total
680 km
border countries
Borders include Albania at 186 km; Bosnia and Herzegovina at 242 km; Croatia at 19 km; Kosovo at 76 km; and Serbia at 157 km.
Maritime claims
territorial sea
12 nm
continental shelf
defined by treaty
Natural hazards
Frequent destructive earthquakes occur in this region.
Geography - note
It holds a strategically significant position along the Adriatic coastline.
Natural resources
Natural resources include bauxite and hydroelectric power.
Area - comparative
The region is slightly smaller than Connecticut and just over twice the size of Delaware.
Geographic coordinates
42 30 N, 19 18 E
Population distribution
The highest population density is found in the southern and southwestern parts, while the extreme eastern border remains the least populated.
Major lakes (area sq km)
fresh water lake(s)
Lake Scutari (shared with Albania) - 400 sq km
note - largest lake in the Balkans
Major watersheds (area sq km)
Atlantic Ocean drainage
(Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)
People & Society
Literacy
male
99.2% (2018 est.)
female
97.9% (2018 est.)
total population
98.5% (2018 est.)
Languages
Languages
The ethnic composition is as follows: Serbian 42.9%, Montenegrin (official) 37%, Bosnian 5.3%, Albanian 5.3%, Serbo-Croat 2%, other ethnic groups 3.5%, and unspecified 4% based on the 2011 estimate.
major-language sample(s)
Knjiga svetskih činjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Serbian)
Knjiga svjetskih činjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Montenegrin/Bosnian)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions
Religious affiliations include Orthodox 72.1%, Muslim 19.1%, Catholic 3.4%, atheist 1.2%, other beliefs 1.5%, and unspecified 2.6%, according to the 2011 estimate.
Sex ratio
at birth
1.04 male(s)/female
0-14 years
1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years
1 male(s)/female
total population
0.96 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
65 years and over
0.78 male(s)/female
Birth rate
10.77 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate
10.29 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Median age
male
39.5 years
total
41.5 years (2025 est.)
female
42.5 years
Population
male
294,482
total
599,849 (2024 est.)
female
305,367
Nationality
noun
Montenegrin(s)
adjective
Montenegrin
Tobacco use
male
29.9% (2025 est.)
total
31.6% (2025 est.)
female
33.1% (2025 est.)
Urbanization
urban population
68.5% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization
0.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Age structure
0-14 years
17.7% (male 54,608/female 51,594)
15-64 years
64.4% (male 192,631/female 193,515)
65 years and over
17.9% (2024 est.) (male 47,243/female 60,258)
Ethnic groups
The demographic breakdown comprises Montenegrin 45%, Serbian 28.7%, Bosniak 8.7%, Albanian 4.9%, Muslim 3.3%, Romani 1%, Croat 1%, other groups 2.6%, and unspecified 4.9% based on the 2011 estimate.
Child marriage
men married by age 18
3.2% (2018)
women married by age 15
1.9% (2018)
women married by age 18
5.8% (2018)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio
55.3 (2024 est.)
youth dependency ratio
27.5 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio
3.6 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio
27.8 (2024 est.)
Physician density
2.78 physicians/1,000 population (2023)
Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
10.6% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
16.3% of national budget (2022 est.)
Net migration rate
-5.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Hospital bed density
3.8 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Total fertility rate
1.8 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Drinking water source
improved: rural
rural: 98.2% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total
total: 98.9% of population (2022 est.)
improved: urban
urban: 99.2% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural
rural: 1.8% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total
total: 1.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban
urban: 0.8% of population (2022 est.)
Infant mortality rate
male
2.7 deaths/1,000 live births
total
3.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
female
3.7 deaths/1,000 live births
Population growth rate
-0.46% (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate
0.88 (2025 est.)
Population distribution
The areas with the highest population density are located in the southern and southwestern regions, while the least populated zone is found along the extreme eastern border.
Life expectancy at birth
male
75.8 years
female
80.7 years
total population
78.2 years (2024 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio
6 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Sanitation facility access
improved: rural
rural: 93.9% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total
total: 98.1% of population (2022 est.)
improved: urban
urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural
rural: 6.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total
total: 1.9% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban
urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita
beer
3.83 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine
2.68 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
total
9.91 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits
3.22 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols
0.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Major urban areas - population
177,000 PODGORICA (capital) (2018)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
23.3% (2016)
Mother's mean age at first birth
26.3 years (2010 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
57.6% (2018 est.)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight
3.7% (2018 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
male
15 years (2023 est.)
total
16 years (2023 est.)
female
16 years (2023 est.)
Environment
Climate
The Mediterranean climate is characterized by hot, arid summers and autumns, along with relatively cold winters that experience significant snowfall in inland areas.
Land use
other
18.9% (2023 est.)
forest
61.5% (2023 est.)
agricultural land
19.6% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 0.7% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 0.4% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 18.5% (2023 est.)
Urbanization
urban population
68.5% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization
0.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually
329,800 tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled
6.4% (2022 est.)
Environmental issues
Coastal waters are polluted due to sewage discharge; notable air pollution exists in certain urban areas resulting from lignite-fired power stations and the domestic burning of coal and wood for heating purposes.
Total water withdrawal
municipal
121.32 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
industrial
2.079 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural
6.76 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions
total emissions
2.808 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke
1.543 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids
1.265 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions
17.9 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
International environmental agreements
party to
Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified
none of the selected agreements
Government
Flag
description: a crimson field bordered with a slim golden-yellow stripe; at the center lies the Montenegrin coat of arms featuring a double-headed golden eagle crowned above; the eagle grasps a golden scepter in its right talon and a blue orb in its left; the eagle’s breast shield depicts a golden lion set against a green background under a blue sky
meaning: the eagle represents the unity of church and state; the lion signifies episcopal authority, referencing the three and a half centuries during which Montenegro was governed as a theocracy
Capital
name
Podgorica
etymology
the Slavic term translates to "under the mountain," derived from pod (under) and gora (mountain)
time difference
UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time
+1 hr, starting on the last Sunday of March; concluding on the last Sunday of October
geographic coordinates
42 26 N, 19 16 E
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Citizenship
citizenship by birth
no
citizenship by descent only
at least one parent must be a citizen of Montenegro
dual citizenship recognized
no
residency requirement for naturalization
10 years
Constitution
history
several previous; latest adopted 22 October 2007
amendment process
proposed by the president of Montenegro, the government, or by a minimum of 25 Assembly members; the approval of draft proposals necessitates a two-thirds majority vote in the Assembly, followed by a public hearing; the adoption of draft amendments also requires a two-thirds majority vote; alterations to certain constitutional articles, including sovereignty, state symbols, citizenship, and constitutional amendment procedures, necessitate a three-fifths majority vote in a referendum
Country name
former
People's Republic of Montenegro, Socialist Republic of Montenegro, Republic of Montenegro
etymology
the name in Italian translates as "dark mountain" and serves as a rendition of the Serbo-Croatian name Crna Gora; both names refer to the dark coniferous woodlands in the highlands
local long form
none
local short form
Crna Gora
conventional long form
none
conventional short form
Montenegro
Independence
3 June 2006 (independence from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro); significant earlier dates include: 13 March 1852 (establishment of the Principality of Montenegro); 13 July 1878 (Montenegrin independence recognized at the Congress of Berlin); 28 August 1910 (establishment of the Kingdom of Montenegro)
Legal system
civil law
Government type
parliamentary republic
Judicial branch
highest court(s)
Supreme Court or Vrhovni Sud (comprising the court president, deputy president, and 15 judges); Constitutional Court or Ustavni Sud (comprising the court president and 7 judges)
subordinate courts
Administrative Courts; Appellate Court; Commercial Courts; High Courts; basic courts
judge selection and term of office
The Supreme Court president is nominated by the general session of the Supreme Court and elected by the Judicial Council, which consists of 9 members including judges, lawyers appointed by the Assembly, and the minister of judicial affairs; the Supreme Court president is elected for a single renewable term of 5 years; other judges are elected for life by the Judicial Council; Constitutional Court judges - 2 are nominated by the president of Montenegro and 5 by the Assembly, and are elected by the Assembly; the court president is selected from among the court members and serves a term of 3 years, while other judges have 9-year terms
Executive branch
cabinet
ministers serve as the cabinet
chief of state
President Jakov MILATOVIC (since 20 May 2023)
election results
2023: Jakov MILATOVIC won the presidency in the second round; vote percentages in the first round were - Milo DUKANOVIC (DPS) 35.4%, Jakov MILATOVIC (Europe Now!) 28.9%, Andrija MANDIC (DF) 19.3%, Aleksa BECIC (DCG) 11.1%, others 5.3%; in the second round, the vote percentages were - Jakov MILATOVIC 58.9%, Milo DUKANOVIC 41.1%
2018: Milo DJUKANOVIC was elected president in the first round with vote percentages of - Milo DJUKANOVIC (DPS) 53.9%, Mladen BOJANIC (independent) 33.4%, Draginja VUKSANOVIC (SDP) 8.2%, Marko MILACIC (PRAVA) 2.8%, others 1.7%
head of government
Prime Minister Milojko SPAJIC (since 31 October 2023)
most recent election date
19 March 2023, with a runoff on 2 April 2023
election/appointment process
the president is directly elected by an absolute majority popular vote over 2 rounds if necessary, for a term of 5 years (eligible for a second term); the prime minister is nominated by the president and requires Assembly approval
expected date of next election
2028
National holiday
Statehood Day, 13 July (1878, 1941)
National color(s)
red, gold
National heritage
total World Heritage Sites
4 (3 cultural, 1 natural)
selected World Heritage Site locales
Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor (c); Durmitor National Park (n); Stećci Medieval Tombstones Graveyards (c); Fortified City of Kotor Venetian Defense Works (c)
Political parties
Albanian Alliance (electoral coalition includes FORCA, PD, DSCG)
Albanian Alternative or AA
Albanian Democratic League or LDSH
Albanian Forum (electoral coalition includes AA, LDSH, UDSH)
Aleksa and Dritan - Count Bravely! (electoral coalition includes Democrats, URA)
Bosniak Party or BS
Civic Movement United Reform Action or United Reform Action or URA
Croatian Civic Initiative or HGI
Democratic Alliance or DEMOS
Democratic League in Montenegro or DSCG
Democratic Montenegro or Democrats
Democratic Party of Socialists or DPS
Democratic People's Party or DNP
Democratic Union of Albanians or UDSH
Europe Now!
For the Future of Montenegro or ZBCG (coalition includes NSD, DNP, RP)
Liberal Party or LP
New Democratic Power or FORCA
New Serb Democracy or NSD or NOVA
Social Democrats or SD
Socialist People's Party or SNP
Together! (electoral coalition includes DPS, SD, LP, UDSH)
United Montenegro or UCG (split from DEMOS)
Workers' Party or RP
Legislative branch
term in office
4 years
number of seats
81 (all directly elected)
electoral system
proportional representation
legislature name
Parliament (Skupstina)
scope of elections
full renewal
legislative structure
unicameral
most recent election date
6/11/2023
expected date of next election
June 2027
percentage of women in chamber
27.2%
parties elected and seats per party
Europe now! (Evropa sad) (24); Together! For the future that belongs to you (DPS – SD – DUA – LP - UDSh) (21); For the future of Montenegro (New Serb Democracy; Democratic People’s Party of Montenegro, Labour Party) (13); Bravery counts! (HRABRO se broji!) (11); It’s clear! (Jasno je!) – Bosniak Party (6); Other (6)
National anthem(s)
title
"Oj, svijetla majska zoro" (Oh, Bright Dawn of May)
history
adopted in 2004; the music is based on a Montenegrin folk tune
lyrics/music
Sekula DRLJEVIC/unknown, arranged by Zarko MIKOVIC
National symbol(s)
double-headed eagle
Administrative divisions
25 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina); Andrijevica, Bar, Berane, Bijelo Polje, Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Gusinje, Herceg Novi, Kolasin, Kotor, Mojkovac, Niksic, Petnjica, Plav, Pljevlja, Pluzine, Podgorica, Rozaje, Savnik, Tivat, Tuzi, Ulcinj, Zabljak, Zeta
Diplomatic representation in the US
FAX
[1] (202) 234-6109
chancery
1610 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20009
telephone
[1] (202) 234-6108
chief of mission
Ambassador Jovan MIRKOVIĆ (since 18 September 2024)
consulate(s) general
New York
email address and website
[email protected]
United States of America - Embassies and consulates of Montenegro and visa regimes for foreign citizens (www.gov.me)
Diplomatic representation from the US
FAX
[382] (0) 20-241-358
embassy
Dzona Dzeksona 2, 81000 Podgorica
telephone
[382] (0) 20-410-500
mailing address
5570 Podgorica Place, Washington DC 20521-5570
chief of mission
Ambassador Judy Rising REINKE (since 20 December 2018)
email address and website
[email protected]
https://me.usembassy.gov/
International organization participation
CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
International law organization participation
has not provided an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; acknowledges ICCt jurisdiction
Economy
Budget
revenues
$1.463 billion (2015 est.)
expenditures
$1.491 billion (2015 est.)
Exports
Exports 2022
$3.177 billion (2022 est.)
Exports 2023
$3.769 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2024
$3.629 billion (2024 est.)
Imports
Imports 2022
$4.614 billion (2022 est.)
Imports 2023
$5.167 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2024
$5.478 billion (2024 est.)
Industries
steel production, aluminum, agricultural processing, consumer products, tourism
Labor force
245,300 (2024 est.)
Public debt
Public debt 2017
67.2% of GDP (2017 est.)
Remittances
Remittances 2022
13.3% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances 2023
10.7% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2024
10.6% of GDP (2024 est.)
Exchange rates
Currency
euros (EUR) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2020
0.877 (2020 est.)
Exchange rates 2021
0.845 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2022
0.951 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2023
0.925 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2024
0.924 (2024 est.)
Debt - external
Debt - external 2023
$3.643 billion (2023 est.)
Economic overview
upper-middle-income, small Balkan economy; utilizes euro as its de facto currency; experienced reduced growth due to a decline in tourism and industrial output; recent momentum for EU accession under the Europe Now government; cap on energy prices and falling food and service prices are mitigating the inflation rate
Unemployment rate
Unemployment rate 2022
14.9% (2022 est.)
Unemployment rate 2023
14.7% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate 2024
14.1% (2024 est.)
Exports - partners
Italy 38%, Serbia 13%, Spain 6%, Slovenia 5%, Bosnia & Herzegovina 4% (2023)
Imports - partners
Serbia 21%, China 10%, Germany 8%, Croatia 6%, Italy 6% (2023)
Real GDP per capita
Real GDP per capita 2022
$25,400 (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023
$27,000 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2024
$27,900 (2024 est.)
Real GDP growth rate
Real GDP growth rate 2022
6.4% (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2023
6.3% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2024
3% (2024 est.)
Agricultural products
milk, potatoes, watermelons, grapes, sheep milk, cabbages, oranges, eggs, goat milk, figs (2023)
Exports - commodities
electricity, aluminum, copper ore, aluminum ore, packaged medicine (2023)
Imports - commodities
refined petroleum, cars, electricity, packaged medicine, aluminum (2023)
Current account balance
Current account balance 2022
-$817.858 million (2022 est.)
Current account balance 2023
-$851.525 million (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2024
-$1.406 billion (2024 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate)
$8.07 billion (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use
household consumption
76.3% (2024 est.)
government consumption
17.9% (2024 est.)
investment in inventories
8.3% (2024 est.)
investment in fixed capital
20.2% (2024 est.)
exports of goods and services
44.9% (2024 est.)
imports of goods and services
-67.5% (2024 est.)
Population below poverty line
20.3% (2021 est.)
Average household expenditures
on food
24.8% of household expenditures (2022 est.)
on alcohol and tobacco
5.6% of household expenditures (2022 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022
13% (2022 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023
8.6% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024
3.3% (2024 est.)
Industrial production growth rate
-1.7% (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022
$15.857 billion (2022 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023
$16.862 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024
$17.375 billion (2024 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
male
27.5% (2024 est.)
total
25.9% (2024 est.)
female
23.6% (2024 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022
$2.041 billion (2022 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023
$1.574 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024
$1.741 billion (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
industry
11.6% (2024 est.)
services
62.1% (2024 est.)
agriculture
5.2% (2024 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share
lowest 10%
2.1% (2021 est.)
highest 10%
24.7% (2021 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2021
34.3 (2021 est.)
Energy
Coal
exports
205,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
imports
2.8 metric tons (2022 est.)
production
1.862 million metric tons (2023 est.)
consumption
1.658 million metric tons (2023 est.)
proven reserves
337 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum
refined petroleum consumption
9,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Electricity
exports
6.288 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports
5.421 billion kWh (2023 est.)
consumption
2.719 billion kWh (2023 est.)
installed generating capacity
1.082 million kW (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses
601.023 million kWh (2023 est.)
Electricity access
electrification - total population
100% (2022 est.)
Energy consumption per capita
Total energy consumption per capita 2023
63.407 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources
wind
7.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar
0.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
fossil fuels
39.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity
53% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Communications
Internet users
percent of population
90% (2023 est.)
Broadcast media
A publicly funded national radio and television broadcaster manages 2 terrestrial television networks, 1 satellite television channel, and 2 radio networks; it also oversees 4 local public television stations and 14 private television stations; in addition, there are 14 local public radio stations, 35 private radio stations, and various online media platforms (2019)
Internet country code
.me
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions
190,000 (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
30 (2023 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular
total subscriptions
1.31 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
203 (2022 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions
total
203,000 (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
32 (2023 est.)
Transportation
Ports
large
0
small
1
medium
0
key ports
Bar, Kotor, Risan, Tivat
very small
3
total ports
4 (2024)
ports with oil terminals
1
Airports
5 (2025)
Railways
total
250 km (2017)
standard gauge
250 km (2017) 1.435-m gauge (224 km electrified)
Heliports
1 (2025)
Merchant marine
total
18 (2023)
by type
bulk carrier 4, other 14
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
4O
Military & Security
Military - note
The Army of Montenegro is tasked with safeguarding the nation's sovereignty and territorial integrity, engaging in international and multinational security initiatives, and providing support to civil authorities during crises such as natural disasters. Following Montenegro's accession to NATO in 2017, a significant emphasis has been placed on integration into the Alliance, which involves aligning with NATO standards regarding planning, professional development, structural reforms, and modernization efforts aimed at replacing outdated Soviet-era equipment. The Army participates in training and exercises alongside NATO allies and contributes to NATO missions and operations, deploying small contingents of troops to Afghanistan, Kosovo, and NATO’s Enhanced Forward Presence in Eastern Europe. Additionally, a handful of personnel have been sent on missions led by the EU and UN (2025)
Military expenditures
Military Expenditures 2021
1.6% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022
1.4% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023
1.5% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2024
1.7% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military Expenditures 2025
2% of GDP (2025 est.)
Military and security forces
Army of Montenegro (Vojska Crne Gore or VCG): Ground Forces, Air Force, Navy
Ministry of Interior: Police Directorate of Montenegro (2025)
Military service age and obligation
Individuals aged 18-30 are eligible for voluntary military service; conscription was abolished in 2006 (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
The military's inventory is limited and primarily consists of Soviet-era equipment inherited from the former Yugoslav military, supplemented by a modest yet increasing assortment of imported Western systems (2025)
Military and security service personnel strengths
The total number of active-duty military personnel is approximately 2,000 (2025)
Terrorism
Transnational Issues
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees
18,820 (2024 est.)
stateless persons
423 (2024 est.)
