CapitalLuxembourg
Population671,254
Area2,586 km²
GDP per capita$128,200
LanguagesLuxembourgish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German, other
Currencyeuros
Life Expectancy83.4 yr
Governmentconstitutional monarchy
Introduction
Background
Established in 963, Luxembourg was elevated to the status of a grand duchy in 1815 and became a part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands following the Congress of Vienna. In 1839, when Belgium asserted its independence from the Netherlands, Luxembourg ceded over half of its land to Belgium but achieved greater autonomy within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Luxembourg attained full sovereignty in 1867, committing to a stance of permanent neutrality. Occupied by Germany during both World Wars, its neutrality was relinquished in 1948 when it became a member of the Benelux Customs Union, subsequently joining NATO the next year. In 1957, Luxembourg emerged as one of the original six nations of the EEC (which evolved into the EU), and in 1999, it became part of the euro currency area.
Geography
Area
land
2,586 sq km
water
0 sq km
total
2,586 sq km
Climate
mild winters and cool summers characteristic of a modified continental climate
Terrain
predominantly undulating uplands accompanied by wide, shallow valleys; the northern region transitions to slightly mountainous terrain; there is a steep descent towards the Moselle floodplain in the southeast
Land use
other
13.9% (2023 est.)
forest
34.5% (2023 est.)
agricultural land
51.7% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 23.8% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 0.6% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 27.1% (2023 est.)
Location
located in Western Europe, nestled between France and Germany
Coastline
0 km (landlocked)
Elevation
lowest point
Moselle River 133 m
highest point
Buurgplaatz 559 m
mean elevation
325 m
Irrigated land
0 sq km (2012)
Map references
Europe
Land boundaries
total
327 km
border countries
Belgium 130 km; France 69 km; Germany 128 km
Maritime claims
none (landlocked)
Natural hazards
occasional instances of flooding
Geography - note
enclosed by land on all sides
Natural resources
iron ore (currently not mined), cultivable land
Area - comparative
marginally smaller than Rhode Island; roughly half the area of Delaware
Geographic coordinates
49 45 N, 6 10 E
Population distribution
the majority of the population resides in the southern part, along or close to the French border
Major watersheds (area sq km)
Atlantic Ocean drainage
Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km)
People & Society
Languages
Luxembourgish (official administrative, judicial, and national language) 48.9%, Portuguese 15.4%, French (official administrative, judicial, and legislative language) 14.9%, Italian 3.6%, English 3.6%, German (official administrative and judicial language) 2.9%, other 10.8% (2021 est.)
Religions
Christianity (mainly Roman Catholic) 70.6%, Islam 2.3%, other (which includes Buddhism, indigenous religions, Hinduism, Judaism) 0.4%, non-religious 26.7% (2020 estimate)
Sex ratio
at birth
1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years
1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years
1.05 male(s)/female
total population
1.02 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
65 years and over
0.85 male(s)/female
Birth rate
9.24 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate
6.66 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Median age
male
39.4 years
total
40.1 years (2025 est.)
female
40.4 years
Population
male
338,702
total
671,254 (2024 est.)
female
332,552
Nationality
noun
Luxembourger(s)
adjective
Luxembourg
Tobacco use
male
22.1% (2025 est.)
total
21% (2025 est.)
female
19.9% (2025 est.)
Urbanization
urban population
92.1% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization
1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Age structure
0-14 years
16.7% (male 57,921/female 54,484)
15-64 years
67.1% (male 231,214/female 219,497)
65 years and over
16.1% (2024 est.) (male 49,567/female 58,571)
Ethnic groups
Luxembourgers 52.9%, Portuguese 14.5%, French 7.6%, Italian 3.7%, Belgian 3%, German 2%, Spanish 1.3%, Romanian 1%, others 14% (2022 estimate)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio
46.6 (2024 est.)
youth dependency ratio
23.2 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio
4.3 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio
23.4 (2024 est.)
Physician density
2.98 physicians/1,000 population (2017)
Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
5.5% of GDP (2022)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
11% of national budget (2022 est.)
Net migration rate
10.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Hospital bed density
4.2 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Total fertility rate
1.25 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Drinking water source
improved: rural
rural: 98.6% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total
total: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
improved: urban
urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural
rural: 1.4% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total
total: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban
urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Education expenditure
Education expenditure (% GDP)
3.7% of GDP (2022 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget)
8.5% national budget (2022 est.)
Infant mortality rate
male
3.6 deaths/1,000 live births
total
3.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
female
2.8 deaths/1,000 live births
Population growth rate
1.26% (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate
0.62 (2025 est.)
Population distribution
the majority of the population resides in the southern region, close to the border with France
Life expectancy at birth
male
80.9 years
female
85.9 years
total population
83.4 years (2024 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio
12 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Sanitation facility access
improved: rural
rural: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total
total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
improved: urban
urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural
rural: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total
total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban
urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita
beer
4.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine
4.73 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
total
11 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits
2.14 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols
0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Major urban areas - population
120,000 LUXEMBOURG (capital) (2018)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
22.6% (2016)
Mother's mean age at first birth
31 years (2020 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
51.1% (2022 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
male
14 years (2022 est.)
total
14 years (2022 est.)
female
15 years (2022 est.)
Environment
Climate
continental climate characterized by mild winters and cool summers
Geoparks
global geoparks and regional networks
Mëllerdall (2023)
total global geoparks and regional networks
1
Land use
other
13.9% (2023 est.)
forest
34.5% (2023 est.)
agricultural land
51.7% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 23.8% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 0.6% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 27.1% (2023 est.)
Urbanization
urban population
92.1% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization
1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually
490,300 tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled
42% (2022 est.)
Environmental issues
pollution of air and water in metropolitan regions; soil contamination in agricultural lands
Total water withdrawal
municipal
43.53 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
industrial
1.83 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural
490,000 cubic meters (2022 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions
total emissions
8.715 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas
1.144 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke
75,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids
7.496 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions
9.2 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Total renewable water resources
3.5 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
International environmental agreements
party to
Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified
Environmental Modification
Government
Flag
description: comprises three equal horizontal stripes of red (top), white, and light blue
history: the hues originate from the coat of arms of the Grand Duke
Capital
name
Luxembourg
etymology
likely stemming from an early Celtic or Germanic variant of the name, Lucilinburhuc, which is believed to signify "little fortress;" it initially referred to the city and was subsequently applied to the nation
time difference
UTC+1 (six hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time
+1hr, commencing on the last Sunday in March; concluding on the last Sunday in October
geographic coordinates
49 36 N, 6 07 E
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Citizenship
citizenship by birth
restricted to cases where the parents are either unidentified, stateless, or when the nationality legislation of the parents' country of origin does not allow for citizenship by descent when the birth occurs beyond national borders
citizenship by descent only
at least one parent must be a citizen of Luxembourg
dual citizenship recognized
yes
residency requirement for naturalization
7 years
Constitution
history
previously 1842 (significantly modified in 1848, 1856); most recent effective date is 17 October 1868
amendment process
proposed by the Chamber of Deputies or by the monarch to the Chamber; to pass, it requires a two-thirds majority in two consecutive readings spaced three months apart; a referendum may replace the second reading if supported by over a quarter of Chamber members or by 25,000 valid voters; for a referendum to be adopted, a majority of all valid voters is necessary
Country name
etymology
likely stemming from an early Celtic or Germanic variant of the name, Lucilinburhuc, which is believed to signify "little fortress;" it initially referred to the city and was subsequently applied to the nation
local long form
Grand Duché de Luxembourg
local short form
Luxembourg
conventional long form
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
conventional short form
Luxembourg
Independence
1839 (from the Netherlands)
Legal system
civil law framework
Government type
constitutional monarchy
Judicial branch
highest court(s)
The Supreme Court of Justice encompasses the Court of Appeal and the Court of Cassation (composed of 27 judges across 9 benches); the Constitutional Court (consisting of 9 members)
subordinate courts
Court of Accounts; district and local courts and tribunals
judge selection and term of office
judges of both courts appointed by the monarch for life
Executive branch
cabinet
Council of Ministers is recommended by the prime minister and appointed by the monarch
chief of state
Grand Duke GUILLAUME (since 3 October 2025)
head of government
Prime Minister Luc FRIEDEN (since 17 November 2023)
election/appointment process
the monarchy is hereditary; typically, after elections for the Chamber of Deputies, the monarch designates the leader of the majority party or coalition as prime minister; the deputy prime minister is also appointed by the monarch; both the prime minister and deputy prime minister are accountable to the Chamber of Deputies
National holiday
National Day (celebrating the birthday of Grand Duke HENRI), 23 June
National color(s)
red, white, light blue
National heritage
total World Heritage Sites
1 (cultural)
selected World Heritage Site locales
Luxembourg City Old Quarters and Fortifications
Political parties
Alternative Democratic Reform Party or ADR
Christian Social People's Party or CSV
Democratic Party or DP
Green Party
Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party or LSAP
Pirate Party
The Left (dei Lenk/la Gauche)
Legislative branch
term in office
5 years
number of seats
60 (all directly elected)
electoral system
proportional representation
legislature name
Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des députés)
scope of elections
full renewal
legislative structure
unicameral
most recent election date
10/8/2023
expected date of next election
October 2028
percentage of women in chamber
35%
parties elected and seats per party
Christian Social People's Party (CSV) (21); Democratic Party (PD/DP) (14); Socialist Workers' Party (POSL/LSAP) (11); Alternative Democratic Reform Party (ADR) (5); Greens (DEI GRÉNG) (4); Pirate Party (PIRATEN) (3); Other (2)
National anthem(s)
title
“De Wilhelmus” (The William)
history
adopted in 1919; royal anthem, designated for use when members of the grand ducal family arrive or depart from a ceremony in Luxembourg
lyrics/music
Nikolaus WELTER
National symbol(s)
red rampant lion
Administrative divisions
12 cantons; Capellen, Clervaux, Diekirch, Echternach, Esch-sur-Alzette, Grevenmacher, Luxembourg, Mersch, Redange, Remich, Vianden, Wiltz
Diplomatic representation in the US
FAX
[1] (202) 328-8270
chancery
2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone
[1] (202) 265-4171
chief of mission
Ambassador Nicole BINTNER-BAKSHIAN (since 15 August 2021)
consulate(s) general
New York, San Francisco
email address and website
[email protected]
https://washington.mae.lu/en.html
Diplomatic representation from the US
FAX
[352] 46-14-01
embassy
22 Boulevard Emmanuel Servais, L-2535 Luxembourg City
telephone
[352] 46-01-23-00
mailing address
5380 Luxembourg Place, Washington DC 20521-5380
chief of mission
Ambassador Stacey FEINBERG (since 13 November 2025)
email address and website
[email protected]
https://lu.usembassy.gov/
International organization participation
ADB (nonregional member), Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; acknowledges ICCt jurisdiction
Economy
Budget
revenues
$37.951 billion (2023 est.)
expenditures
$38.263 billion (2023 est.)
Exports
Exports 2022
$184.53 billion (2022 est.)
Exports 2023
$195.294 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2024
$202.203 billion (2024 est.)
Imports
Imports 2022
$149.751 billion (2022 est.)
Imports 2023
$156.818 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2024
$160.032 billion (2024 est.)
Industries
banking and financial services, real estate services, construction, iron, metals and steel, telecommunications, information technology, logistics and cargo transportation, chemicals, engineering, tires, glass, aluminum, tourism, biotechnology
Labor force
350,000 (2024 est.)
Public debt
Public debt 2017
23% of GDP (2017 est.)
Remittances
Remittances 2022
2.8% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances 2023
2.8% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2024
2.6% of GDP (2024 est.)
Exchange rates
Currency
euros (EUR) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2020
0.876 (2020 est.)
Exchange rates 2021
0.845 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2022
0.95 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2023
0.925 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2024
0.924 (2024 est.)
Economic overview
high-income economy within the EU and eurozone; globally recognized, capital-intensive banking sector; one of the nations with the highest GDP per capita; bolstered domestic demand and reduced interest rates fostering economic expansion; existing challenges include the sustainability of the pension system, dynamics in the labor market, and fluctuations in energy prices
Unemployment rate
Unemployment rate 2022
4.6% (2022 est.)
Unemployment rate 2023
5.2% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate 2024
6% (2024 est.)
Exports - partners
Germany 18%, France 15%, Belgium 8%, Netherlands 7%, Italy 6% (2023)
Imports - partners
Belgium 26%, Germany 23%, France 10%, Netherlands 5%, USA 4% (2023)
Real GDP per capita
Real GDP per capita 2022
$132,600 (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023
$129,000 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2024
$128,200 (2024 est.)
Real GDP growth rate
Real GDP growth rate 2022
-1.1% (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2023
-0.7% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2024
1% (2024 est.)
Agricultural products
milk, wheat, barley, triticale, potatoes, pork, grapes, beef, rye, rapeseed (2023)
Exports - commodities
iron blocks, gas turbines, plastic products, rubber tires, plastics (2023)
Imports - commodities
cars, refined petroleum, electricity, plastic products, gas turbines (2023)
Current account balance
Current account balance 2022
$7.509 billion (2022 est.)
Current account balance 2023
$9.861 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2024
$12.877 billion (2024 est.)
Taxes and other revenues
27.2% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate)
$93.197 billion (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use
household consumption
31.6% (2023 est.)
government consumption
18.6% (2023 est.)
investment in inventories
1.3% (2023 est.)
investment in fixed capital
16.1% (2023 est.)
exports of goods and services
217.8% (2023 est.)
imports of goods and services
-186.7% (2023 est.)
Population below poverty line
17.3% (2021 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022
6.3% (2022 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023
3.7% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024
2.1% (2024 est.)
Industrial production growth rate
-1.1% (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022
$86.584 billion (2022 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023
$85.984 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024
$86.871 billion (2024 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
male
16.9% (2024 est.)
total
20.2% (2024 est.)
female
24.2% (2024 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022
$2.874 billion (2022 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023
$2.977 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024
$2.789 billion (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
industry
9% (2024 est.)
services
81.9% (2024 est.)
agriculture
0.2% (2024 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share
lowest 10%
2.9% (2022 est.)
highest 10%
25.6% (2022 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022
34.1 (2022 est.)
Energy
Coal
exports
30.2 metric tons (2022 est.)
imports
34,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
consumption
34,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum
refined petroleum consumption
51,000 bbl/day (2024 est.)
Electricity
exports
1.188 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports
6.39 billion kWh (2023 est.)
consumption
5.87 billion kWh (2023 est.)
installed generating capacity
2.212 million kW (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses
141.867 million kWh (2023 est.)
Natural gas
imports
552.714 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
consumption
556.63 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
Electricity access
electrification - total population
100% (2022 est.)
Energy consumption per capita
Total energy consumption per capita 2023
224.651 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources
wind
55.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar
37.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
fossil fuels
10.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity
-35.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) note: Luxembourg has negative net hydroelectric power generation based on losses from use of pumped storage hydropower
biomass and waste
32.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Communications
Internet users
percent of population
99% (2024 est.)
Broadcast media
a lengthy national history of providing radio and television services aimed at pan-European viewers; it hosts Europe’s largest privately held broadcasting media organization, the RTL Group, which manages 46 television channels and 29 radio stations across Europe; it is also the base for Europe’s foremost satellite operator, Société Européenne des Satellites (SES); within the country, the RTL Group runs various TV and radio networks; additional domestic private radio and television broadcasters, as well as French and German channels, are accessible; satellite and cable television services are offered.
Internet country code
.lu
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions
260,000 (2022 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
40 (2022 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular
total subscriptions
961,000 (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
137 (2021 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions
total
250,000 (2022 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
38 (2022 est.)
Transportation
Airports
3 (2025)
Railways
total
271 km (2020) 262 km electrified
Heliports
11 (2025)
Merchant marine
total
147 (2023)
by type
3 bulk carriers, 1 container ship, 24 general cargo vessels, 4 oil tankers, and 115 others
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
LX
Military & Security
Military - note
Established in 1881, the Luxembourg Army is tasked with safeguarding the nation and upholding the commitments of the Grand Duchy to NATO, European security, and international peacekeeping. Additionally, it assists civil authorities during emergencies, including floods or disease outbreaks. The Army actively participates in missions conducted by the EU, NATO, and the UN, having deployed small contingents to various multinational operations across Africa, Europe, and Asia. It regularly engages in training and exercises with EU and NATO allies and has been part of the NATO battlegroup stationed in Lithuania since 2017. Luxembourg was among the initial 12 nations to endorse the North Atlantic Treaty (also referred to as the Washington Treaty), which established NATO in 1949.
In 2015, an agreement was reached between Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg to jointly conduct air policing over their territories. This agreement, which came into effect in January 2017, allows the Belgian and Dutch Air Forces to alternate responsibilities for monitoring the airspace over the three nations (2025).
Military expenditures
Military Expenditures 2021
0.5% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022
0.6% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023
1.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2024
1.2% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military Expenditures 2025
2% of GDP (2025 est.)
Military and security forces
Luxembourg Army (l'Armée Luxembourgeoise) (2025)
Military service age and obligation
Individuals aged 18-26 are eligible for voluntary military service, applicable to both men and women; there is no conscription (abolished in 1969) (2025).
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
The Luxembourg Army operates with a limited assortment of Western-origin equipment (2025).
Military and security service personnel strengths
approximately 900 active military personnel (2025)
Transnational Issues
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees
14,344 (2024 est.)
stateless persons
85 (2024 est.)
Space
Space agency/agencies
the Luxembourg Space Agency (LSA; founded in 2018) (2025)
Space program overview
Luxembourg Space Agency was established in 2018 to develop space policy, encourage and coordinate commercial space ventures, support space education, and promote the country’s space-related capabilities internationally; has a national space strategy; has set up policy and funding initiatives (such as LuxIMPULSE) to encourage research, development, innovation, and entrepreneurship and attract space-based industries; focuses on developing commercial satellites and infrastructure, as well as other capabilities and technologies; hosts some of the largest commercial satellite companies in the world; member of the ESA since 2005 and participates in a variety of ESA programs; cooperates bilaterally with individual ESA and EU member states; also works with other foreign space agencies and industries, including those of Canada, China, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea, the UAE, and the US (2025)
Key space-program milestones
1980s - initiated the development of a satellite telecommunications network for Europe
2014 - achieved a milestone with the first privately constructed probe to successfully conduct a flyby of the Moon (launched by China)
2018 - created the communications satellite (GOVSAT-1) to bolster the EU’s secure communications and space situational awareness initiative (GOVSATCOM)
2020 - entered into the US-led Artemis Accords for space exploration and committed to participate in the lunar exploration mission
2021 - inaugurated Luxembourg’s Quantum Communications Infrastructure project (LuxQCI) to support the EU’s Quantum Communications Infrastructure (EuroQCI)
2025 - launched the Luxembourg Earth Observation System (LUXEOSys) satellite, which is part of a national program for space-based remote sensing
