CapitalDushanbe
Population10,593,876
Area144,100 km²
GDP per capita$4,800
LanguagesTajik, Uzbek, Kyrgyz, Russian, other
CurrencyTajikistani somoni
Life Expectancy71.9 yr
Governmentpresidential republic
Introduction
Background
The Tajik populace came under the dominion of the Russian Empire during the 1860s and 1870s; however, following the Revolution of 1917, Russia's grip on Central Asia began to diminish. During this period, groups of local guerrillas, referred to as "basmachi," strongly opposed Bolshevik authority in the region, which was not fully reinstated until 1925. In 1924, Tajikistan was initially formed as an autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, but it was designated as a separate republic in 1929, receiving a significant portion of what is now Sughd Province. A considerable ethnic Uzbek minority resides in Tajikistan, while a larger ethnic Tajik minority exists in Uzbekistan. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Tajikistan gained its independence and subsequently faced a civil war involving various political, regional, and religious groups from 1992 to 1997.
Although Tajikistan conducts general elections for both the presidency (every seven years) and the legislature (every five years), observers have pointed out that the electoral process is fraught with irregularities and malpractice, resulting in outcomes that lack both freedom and fairness. President Emomali RAHMON, who ascended to power in 1992 amid the civil conflict and was first elected in 1994, exploited a 2015 assault orchestrated by a disgruntled deputy defense minister to outlaw the last significant opposition party in the nation. RAHMON further consolidated his authority by declaring himself "Founder of Peace and National Unity, Leader of the Nation," alongside constitutional amendments approved in a referendum that granted him unlimited terms and lifelong immunity. The same referendum also reduced the minimum age for presidential candidates from 35 to 30, thereby allowing RAHMON's eldest son, Rustam EMOMALI, the mayor of Dushanbe, to qualify for the presidential race in 2020. RAHMON facilitated EMOMALI's appointment as chairman of the Majlisi Milli (the upper house of Tajikistan's parliament) in 2020, positioning him as a potential successor to the presidency. RAHMON chose to participate in the presidential election later that year and secured 91% of the votes.
Tajikistan remains the most impoverished of the former Soviet states. It joined the WTO in 2013; however, its economy continues to grapple with significant challenges, including reliance on remittances from Tajik migrant workers in Russia and Kazakhstan, widespread corruption, the opiate trade, and destabilizing violence originating from neighboring Afghanistan. Since 2010, Tajikistan has faced several domestic security challenges, including armed confrontations between government troops and local leaders in the Rasht Valley, as well as clashes with informal leaders in Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast. The country experienced its first ISIS-claimed attack in 2018, when assailants targeted a group of Western cyclists, resulting in four fatalities. Tensions along the border with the Kyrgyz Republic escalated in 2021, leading to deadly confrontations between border forces in both 2021 and 2022.
Geography
Area
land
141,510 sq km
water
2,590 sq km
total
144,100 sq km
Climate
characterized by a mid-latitude continental climate with hot summers and mild winters; ranging from semiarid to polar in the Pamir Mountains
Terrain
a topographically diverse area featuring the Alay Mountains to the north and the Pamirs to the southeast; includes the western Fergana Valley in the north and the Kofirnihon and Vakhsh Valleys in the southwest
Land use
other
69% (2023 est.)
forest
3.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land
27.9% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 6.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 1.5% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 20.4% (2023 est.)
Location
located in Central Asia, to the west of China and south of Kyrgyzstan
Coastline
0 km (landlocked)
Elevation
lowest point
Syr Darya (Sirdaryo) 300 m
highest point
Qullai Somoniyon 7,495 m
mean elevation
3,186 m
Irrigated land
5,681 sq km (2022)
Map references
Asia
Land boundaries
total
4,130 km
border countries
boundaries include Afghanistan at 1,357 km; China at 477 km; Kyrgyzstan at 984 km; Uzbekistan at 1,312 km
Maritime claims
none (landlocked)
Natural hazards
prone to natural disasters such as earthquakes and floods
Geography - note
a landlocked nation; the highest elevation is Qullai Ismoili Somoni (previously known as Communism Peak), which was the tallest peak in the former Soviet Union
Natural resources
resources include hydropower, limited petroleum, uranium, mercury, brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten, silver, and gold
Area - comparative
slightly less extensive than the state of Wisconsin
Geographic coordinates
39 00 N, 71 00 E
Population distribution
the demographic concentration is primarily at lower altitudes, with an estimated 90% residing in valleys; population density increases from the eastern to the western regions
Major watersheds (area sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage
Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km), (Aral Sea Basin) Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), and Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)
Major rivers (by length in km)
Syr Darya (shared with Kyrgyzstan [s], Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan [m]) - 3,078 km; source of the Amu Darya (shared with Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Uzbekistan [m]) - 2,620 km
note: [s] denotes river source; [m] denotes river mouth
People & Society
Literacy
female
94.6% (2017 est.)
Languages
Languages
Tajik (official) 84.4%, Uzbek 11.9%, Kyrgyz 0.8%, Russian 0.5%, other 2.4% (2010 estimate)
major-language sample(s)
Китоби Фактҳои Ҷаҳонӣ, манбаи бебадали маълумоти асосӣ (Tajik)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions
Muslim 98% (Sunni 95%, Shia 3%) other 2% (2014 estimate)
Sex ratio
at birth
1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years
1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years
1 male(s)/female
total population
1.01 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
65 years and over
0.81 male(s)/female
Birth rate
25.31 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate
4.45 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Median age
male
22.3 years
total
22.8 years (2025 est.)
female
23.2 years
Population
male
5,322,920
total
10,593,876 (2025 est.)
female
5,270,956
Nationality
noun
Tajikistani(s)
adjective
Tajikistani
Urbanization
urban population
28.2% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization
2.73% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Age structure
0-14 years
36.9% (male 1,953,472/female 1,877,192)
15-64 years
59.3% (male 3,086,964/female 3,071,642)
65 years and over
3.9% (2024 est.) (male 181,382/female 223,411)
Ethnic groups
Tajik 84.3% (comprising Pamiri and Yagnobi), Uzbek 13.8%, other 2% (including Kyrgyz, Russian, Turkmen, Tatar, Arab) (2014 estimate)
Child marriage
women married by age 15
0.1% (2017)
women married by age 18
8.7% (2017)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio
68.5 (2025 est.)
youth dependency ratio
61.5 (2025 est.)
potential support ratio
14.5 (2025 est.)
elderly dependency ratio
6.9 (2025 est.)
Physician density
1.87 physicians/1,000 population (2023)
Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
8% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
6.4% of national budget (2022 est.)
Net migration rate
-1.94 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Hospital bed density
4.3 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Total fertility rate
3.52 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Drinking water source
improved: rural
rural: 76.6% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total
total: 81.9% of population (2022 est.)
improved: urban
urban: 95.6% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural
rural: 23.4% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total
total: 18.1% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban
urban: 4.4% of population (2022 est.)
Education expenditure
Education expenditure (% GDP)
5.4% of GDP (2023 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget)
19.3% national budget (2024 est.)
Infant mortality rate
male
24.3 deaths/1,000 live births
total
20.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
female
18.9 deaths/1,000 live births
Population growth rate
1.89% (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate
1.71 (2025 est.)
Population distribution
the populace predominantly resides at lower altitudes, with approximately 90% inhabiting valleys; overall population density rises from east to west
Life expectancy at birth
male
70.1 years
female
73.8 years
total population
71.9 years (2024 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio
14 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Sanitation facility access
improved: rural
rural: 99.6% of population (2022 est.)
improved: total
total: 99.4% of population (2022 est.)
improved: urban
urban: 98.9% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: rural
rural: 0.4% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total
total: 0.6% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: urban
urban: 1.1% of population (2022 est.)
Alcohol consumption per capita
beer
0.38 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine
0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
total
0.85 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits
0.45 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols
0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Major urban areas - population
987,000 DUSHANBE (capital) (2023)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
14.2% (2016)
Mother's mean age at first birth
23.2 years (2017 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
68% (2020 est.)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight
5.2% (2023 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
male
12 years (2024 est.)
total
12 years (2024 est.)
female
11 years (2024 est.)
Environment
Climate
characterized by mid-latitude continental climate with warm summers and mild winters; ranges from semiarid to polar conditions within the Pamir Mountains
Land use
other
69% (2023 est.)
forest
3.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land
27.9% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 6.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 1.5% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 20.4% (2023 est.)
Urbanization
urban population
28.2% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization
2.73% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually
1.787 million tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled
13.9% (2022 est.)
Environmental issues
pollution of the air due to emissions from vehicles and industrial activities; water contamination resulting from agricultural runoff along with untreated industrial waste and sewage; inadequate management of water resources; soil degradation; rising salinity levels in the soil
Total water withdrawal
municipal
912 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
industrial
1.61 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural
7.378 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions
total emissions
8.616 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas
86,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke
4.676 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids
3.855 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions
53.8 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Total renewable water resources
21.91 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
International environmental agreements
party to
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified
none of the selected agreements
Government
Flag
description: three horizontal stripes of red (top), a broader stripe of white, and green; a golden crown positioned beneath seven five-pointed gold stars is located at the center of the white stripe
meaning: red signifies the sun, triumph, and national unity; white represents purity, cotton, and mountain snows; green symbolizes Islam and the abundance of nature; the crown stands for the Tajik populace; the seven stars denote the number seven, regarded as a symbol of perfection and the essence of happiness.
Capital
name
Dushanbe
etymology
the name translates to Monday in Persian; the current city was initially situated at a junction where a substantial bazaar was conducted on Mondays, or the second day (du) following Saturday (shambe)
time difference
UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
geographic coordinates
38 33 N, 68 46 E
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Citizenship
citizenship by birth
no
citizenship by descent only
at least one parent must be a citizen of Tajikistan
dual citizenship recognized
no
residency requirement for naturalization
5 years or 3 years of continuous residence prior to application
Constitution
history
several previous; latest adopted 6 November 1994
amendment process
proposed by the republic's president or by at least one-third of the total membership from both houses of the Supreme Assembly; the adoption of any amendment necessitates a referendum, which must receive either the president's approval or a two-thirds majority approval from the Assembly of Representatives; for a referendum to pass, there must be participation from an absolute majority of eligible voters and an absolute majority of votes; constitutional articles, including Tajikistan’s governmental structure, its territory, and its democratic character, are immutable.
Country name
former
Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic
etymology
the Persian suffix -ostan translates to "land," thus the country’s name signifies "Land of the Tajik [people];" the term Tajik is derived from the Sanskrit tajika, a designation initially used to differentiate Arabs from Turks and rooted in the Tay, an Arab group.
local long form
Jumhurii Tojikiston
local short form
Tojikiston
conventional long form
Republic of Tajikistan
conventional short form
Tajikistan
Independence
9 September 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
Legal system
civil law system
Government type
presidential republic
Judicial branch
highest court(s)
Supreme Court (composed of the chairman, deputy chairmen, and 34 judges organized into civil, family, criminal, administrative offense, and military chambers); Constitutional Court (comprises the court chairman, deputy chairman, and 5 judges); High Economic Court (composed of 16 judicial positions)
subordinate courts
regional and district courts; Dushanbe City Court; viloyat (province-level) courts; Court of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region
judge selection and term of office
Judges of the Supreme Court, Constitutional Court, and High Economic Court are nominated by the president and confirmed by the National Assembly; judges in all three courts are appointed for renewable 10-year terms without term limits, although the last appointment must take place before the individual reaches 65 years of age.
Executive branch
cabinet
Council of Ministers appointed by the president and confirmed by the Supreme Assembly
chief of state
President Emomali RAHMON (since 16 November 1994; head of state and Supreme Assembly Chairman since 20 November 1992)
election results
2020: Emomali RAHMON reelected president; percent of vote - Emomali RAHMON (PDPT) 92.1%, Rustam LATIFZODA (APT) 3.1%, other 4.8%
2013: Emomali RAHMON reelected president; percent of vote - Emomali RAHMON (PDPT) 84%, Ismoil TALBAKOV CPT) 5%, other 11%
head of government
Prime Minister Qohir RASULZODA (since 23 November 2013)
most recent election date
11 October 2020
election/appointment process
the president is directly elected through a simple-majority popular vote for a term of 7 years (with a two-term limit), yet as the "Leader of the Nation," the president has no term limit; the prime minister is appointed by the president.
expected date of next election
2027
National holiday
Independence Day (or National Day), 9 September (1991)
National color(s)
red, white, green
National heritage
total World Heritage Sites
5 (3 cultural, 2 natural)
selected World Heritage Site locales
Proto-urban Site of Sarazm (c); Tajik National Park (Mountains of the Pamirs) (n); Silk Roads: Zarafshan-Karakum Corridor (c); Tugay forests of the Tigrovaya Balka Nature Reserve (n); Cultural Heritage Sites of Ancient Khuttal (c)
Political parties
Agrarian Party of Tajikistan or APT
Democratic Party or DPT
Party of Economic Reforms or PERT
People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan or PDPT
Socialist Party of Tajikistan or SPT
Legislative branch
legislature name
Supreme Council (Majlisi Oli)
legislative structure
bicameral
National anthem(s)
title
"Surudi milli" (National Anthem)
history
adopted in 1994; following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan retained the melody of its Soviet-era anthem but introduced new lyrics.
lyrics/music
Gulnazar KELDI/Sulaimon YUDAKOV
National symbol(s)
arc of seven five-pointed stars above a crown, Marco Polo sheep
Administrative divisions
2 provinces (viloyatho, singular - viloyat), 1 autonomous province* (viloyati mukhtor), 1 capital region** (viloyati poytakht), and 1 area known as Districts Under Republic Administration***; Dushanbe**, Khatlon (Bokhtar), Kuhistoni Badakhshon [Gorno-Badakhshan]* (Khorugh), Nohiyahoi Tobei Jumhuri***, Sughd (Khujand)
Legislative branch - lower chamber
chamber name
House of Representatives (Majlisi namoyandogon)
term in office
5 years
number of seats
63 (all directly elected)
electoral system
mixed system
scope of elections
full renewal
most recent election date
3/2/2025
expected date of next election
March 2030
percentage of women in chamber
28.6%
parties elected and seats per party
People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan (PDPT) (49); Agrarian Party of Tajikistan (APT) (7); Party of Economic Reforms of Tajikistan (PERT) (5); Other (2)
Legislative branch - upper chamber
chamber name
National Assembly (Majlisi milli)
term in office
5 years
number of seats
33 (25 indirectly elected; 8 appointed)
scope of elections
full renewal
most recent election date
3/28/2025
expected date of next election
March 2030
percentage of women in chamber
30.3%
Diplomatic representation in the US
FAX
[1] (202) 223-6091
chancery
1005 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037
telephone
[1] (202) 223-6090
chief of mission
Ambassador-designate Zavqi ZAVQIZODA (since 14 November 2025)
email address and website
[email protected]
https://mfa.tj/en/washington
Diplomatic representation from the US
FAX
[992] (37) 229-20-50
embassy
109-A Ismoili Somoni Avenue (Zarafshon district), Dushanbe 734019
telephone
[992] (37) 229-20-00
mailing address
7090 Dushanbe Place, Washington DC 20521-7090
chief of mission
Ambassador Manuel P. MICALLER Jr. (since 9 March 2023)
email address and website
[email protected]
https://tj.usembassy.gov/
International organization participation
ADB, CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-77, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
International law organization participation
has not submitted a declaration of ICJ jurisdiction; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Economy
Budget
revenues
$2.911 billion (2023 est.)
expenditures
$3.036 billion (2023 est.)
Exports
Exports 2022
$1.753 billion (2022 est.)
Exports 2023
$2.105 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2024
$1.618 billion (2024 est.)
Imports
Imports 2022
$5.261 billion (2022 est.)
Imports 2023
$5.931 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2024
$6.907 billion (2024 est.)
Industries
aluminum, cement, coal, gold, silver, antimony, textiles, vegetable oil
Labor force
2.78 million (2024 est.)
Public debt
Public debt 2016
42% of GDP (2016 est.)
Remittances
Remittances 2022
49.9% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances 2023
37.8% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2024
47.9% of GDP (2024 est.)
Exchange rates
Currency
Tajikistani somoni (TJS) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2020
10.322 (2020 est.)
Exchange rates 2021
11.309 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2022
11.031 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2023
10.845 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2024
10.799 (2024 est.)
Debt - external
Debt - external 2023
$3.024 billion (2023 est.)
Economic overview
lower-middle-income Central Asian economy; substantial infrastructure initiatives, such as the Rogun Dam, alongside efforts towards green development and digitalization are fueling growth; robust industries in metal mining, electricity, and manufacturing; challenges encompass land scarcity, climate vulnerabilities, and intricate bureaucratic procedures for investors
Unemployment rate
Unemployment rate 2022
11.7% (2022 est.)
Unemployment rate 2023
11.6% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate 2024
11.7% (2024 est.)
Exports - partners
Switzerland 31%, Kazakhstan 18%, China 17%, Uzbekistan 10%, Turkey 8% (2023)
Imports - partners
China 57%, Kazakhstan 13%, Uzbekistan 8%, Turkey 6%, UAE 4% (2023)
Real GDP per capita
Real GDP per capita 2022
$4,200 (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023
$4,500 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2024
$4,800 (2024 est.)
Real GDP growth rate
Real GDP growth rate 2022
8% (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2023
8.3% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2024
8.4% (2024 est.)
Agricultural products
potatoes, milk, wheat, watermelons, onions, tomatoes, carrots/turnips, cotton, vegetables, grapes (2023)
Exports - commodities
gold, precious metal ore, aluminum, lead ore, antimony (2023)
Imports - commodities
garments, footwear, cars, wheat, vehicle parts/accessories (2023)
Current account balance
Current account balance 2022
$1.635 billion (2022 est.)
Current account balance 2023
$584.022 million (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2024
$887.016 million (2024 est.)
Taxes and other revenues
10.8% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate)
$14.205 billion (2024 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use
household consumption
89.6% (2023 est.)
government consumption
10.7% (2023 est.)
investment in inventories
3.4% (2023 est.)
investment in fixed capital
28.3% (2023 est.)
exports of goods and services
17.2% (2023 est.)
imports of goods and services
-48.4% (2023 est.)
Population below poverty line
20.4% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017
7.3% (2017 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018
3.9% (2018 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019
7.7% (2019 est.)
Industrial production growth rate
9.9% (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022
$42.905 billion (2022 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023
$46.467 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024
$50.37 billion (2024 est.)
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
male
30% (2024 est.)
total
27.1% (2024 est.)
female
23.3% (2024 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021
$2.499 billion (2021 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022
$3.847 billion (2022 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023
$3.304 billion (2023 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
industry
33.6% (2023 est.)
services
34.7% (2023 est.)
agriculture
22.9% (2023 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share
lowest 10%
3% (2015 est.)
highest 10%
26.4% (2015 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015
34 (2015 est.)
Energy
Coal
exports
475,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
imports
147,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
production
2.394 million metric tons (2023 est.)
consumption
2.297 million metric tons (2023 est.)
proven reserves
4.075 billion metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum
total petroleum production
300 bbl/day (2023 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves
12 million barrels (2021 est.)
refined petroleum consumption
31,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Electricity
exports
3.101 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports
714.025 million kWh (2023 est.)
consumption
15.275 billion kWh (2023 est.)
installed generating capacity
6.481 million kW (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses
3.94 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Natural gas
imports
24.196 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
production
18.476 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
consumption
43.767 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
proven reserves
5.663 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Electricity access
electrification - rural areas
100%
electrification - urban areas
99%
electrification - total population
100% (2022 est.)
Energy consumption per capita
Total energy consumption per capita 2023
16.192 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Electricity generation sources
fossil fuels
7.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity
92.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Communications
Internet users
percent of population
57% (2023 est.)
Broadcast media
The government-operated broadcasting service consists of 9 national television channels and 10 radio outlets, in addition to 4 regional broadcasting stations; there are 31 privately-owned television channels and 20 independent radio stations that operate on a local and regional level; Russian and various international channels can be accessed through cable and satellite services (2016)
Internet country code
.tj
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions
502,000 (2021 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
5 (2022 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular
total subscriptions
7.92 million (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
119 (2023 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions
total
6,000 (2022 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
(2022 est.) less than 1
Transportation
Airports
19 (2025)
Railways
total
680 km (2014)
broad gauge
680 km (2014) 1.520-m gauge
Heliports
1 (2025)
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
EY
Military & Security
Military - note
The primary focuses of the military include terrorism, border security, territorial defense, and regional stability, especially concerning neighboring Afghanistan. Historically, Russia has been Tajikistan’s principal security ally, with thousands of Russian soldiers stationed in the nation, predominantly at the 201st military base, which has been leased by Moscow until at least 2042. Additionally, Russia and Tajikistan have established a joint air defense mechanism and regularly conduct joint military exercises. Since 1994, Tajikistan has been a part of the Russian-led Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and contributes personnel to the CSTO's rapid reaction unit. Furthermore, Tajikistan collaborates with China on security initiatives, including joint military training.
Military expenditures
Military Expenditures 2020
1.1% of GDP (2020 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021
1.2% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022
1.9% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023
2% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2024
1.8% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military and security forces
Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan: Ground Forces, Mobile Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces.
Tajik National Guard (TNG); Ministry of Internal Affairs: Internal Troops of Tajikistan; State Committee on National Security: Border Troops (also referred to as Tajik Border Service) (2025).
Military service age and obligation
Compulsory (for males only) or voluntary (for both males and females) military service is required for individuals aged 18 to 27, with conscripts facing a service commitment of up to 24 months depending on their educational level (2025).
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
The military primarily utilizes older armaments originating from Russia and the Soviet era, along with a smaller quantity of equipment acquired from suppliers such as China, Türkiye, and the United States (2025).
Military and security service personnel strengths
An estimated 10,000 personnel are part of the active Armed Forces, while the active paramilitary forces, which include the National Guard, Border Service, and Internal Troops, are estimated to number between 5,000 and 10,000 (2025).
Terrorism
Terrorist group(s)
Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)
Transnational Issues
Refugees and internally displaced persons
IDPs
238 (2024 est.)
refugees
15,191 (2024 est.)
stateless persons
4,466 (2024 est.)
