CapitalSan Marino (city)
Population35,291
Area61 km²
GDP per capita$70,900
LanguagesItalian
Currencyeuros
Life Expectancy84.2 yr
Governmentparliamentary republic
Introduction
Background
San Marino, which ranks as the third-smallest nation in Europe (following the Holy See and Monaco), asserts its status as the oldest republic in the world. As per tradition, it was established by a Christian stonemason named MARINUS in the year A.D. 301. While not a member, San Marino's foreign policy is in alignment with that of the European Union. The republic is in discussions regarding an Association Agreement that is anticipated to facilitate participation in the EU's internal market and foster collaboration in various policy domains by the end of 2024. The social and political dynamics within the republic closely mirror those of its larger neighboring country, Italy.
Geography
Area
land
61 sq km
water
0 sq km
total
61 sq km
Climate
Mediterranean climate characterized by mild to cool winters and warm, sunny summers
Terrain
steep mountain ranges
Land use
other
45% (2023 est.)
forest
16.7% (2023 est.)
agricultural land
38.3% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 33.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 5.2% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)
Location
Located in Southern Europe, it is an enclave within central Italy
Coastline
0 km (landlocked)
Elevation
lowest point
Torrente Ausa 55 m
highest point
Monte Titano 739 m
Irrigated land
0 sq km (2022)
Map references
Europe
Land boundaries
total
37 km
border countries
Italy 37 km
Maritime claims
none (landlocked)
Natural hazards
experiences occasional seismic activity
Geography - note
geographically landlocked; an enclave completely surrounded by Italy; recognized as the smallest independent state in Europe following the Holy See and Monaco; primarily characterized by the Apennine Mountains
Natural resources
construction material
Area - comparative
approximately one-third the area of Washington, D.C.
Geographic coordinates
43 46 N, 12 25 E
People & Society
Literacy
male
99.9% (2022 est.)
female
99.9% (2022 est.)
total population
99.9% (2022 est.)
Languages
Languages
Italian
major-language sample(s)
L'Almanacco dei fatti del mondo, l'indispensabile fonte per le informazioni di base. (Italian)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions
Roman Catholic
Sex ratio
at birth
1.09 male(s)/female
0-14 years
1.1 male(s)/female
15-64 years
0.94 male(s)/female
total population
0.93 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
65 years and over
0.83 male(s)/female
Birth rate
9.04 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate
8.9 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Median age
male
44.5 years
total
46.3 years (2025 est.)
female
47.4 years
Population
male
17,035
total
35,291 (2025 est.)
female
18,256
Nationality
noun
Sammarinese (singular and plural)
adjective
Sammarinese
Urbanization
urban population
97.8% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization
0.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Age structure
0-14 years
14.2% (male 2,614/female 2,387)
15-64 years
64.3% (male 10,916/female 11,648)
65 years and over
21.5% (2024 est.) (male 3,414/female 4,116)
Ethnic groups
Sammarinese, Italian
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio
56.5 (2025 est.)
youth dependency ratio
22.2 (2025 est.)
potential support ratio
2.9 (2025 est.)
elderly dependency ratio
34.3 (2025 est.)
Physician density
4.63 physicians/1,000 population (2023)
Health expenditure
Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
8% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
29.5% of national budget (2022 est.)
Net migration rate
5.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Total fertility rate
1.54 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Drinking water source
improved: total
total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total
total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Education expenditure
Education expenditure (% GDP)
2.9% of GDP (2022 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget)
13% national budget (2023 est.)
Infant mortality rate
male
7.4 deaths/1,000 live births
total
6.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
female
5 deaths/1,000 live births
Population growth rate
0.55% (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate
0.74 (2025 est.)
Life expectancy at birth
male
81.7 years
female
87 years
total population
84.2 years (2024 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio
8 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Sanitation facility access
improved: total
total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
unimproved: total
total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Major urban areas - population
4,000 SAN MARINO (2018)
Mother's mean age at first birth
31.9 years (2019)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
male
15 years (2015 est.)
total
16 years (2015 est.)
female
16 years (2015 est.)
Environment
Climate
Mediterranean climate characterized by mild to cool winters and warm, sunny summers
Land use
other
45% (2023 est.)
forest
16.7% (2023 est.)
agricultural land
38.3% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 33.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 5.2% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)
Urbanization
urban population
97.8% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization
0.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually
17,200 tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled
45.1% (2016 est.)
Environmental issues
issues such as air pollution; urban development encroaching on rural agricultural lands; scarcity of water resources
Particulate matter emissions
9.8 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
International environmental agreements
party to
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling
signed, but not ratified
Air Pollution
Government
Flag
description: two equal horizontal stripes of white (top) and light blue, featuring the national coat of arms at the center; the predominant colors derive from the shield on the coat of arms, which displays three white towers atop mountain peaks against a blue background; encircling the shield are a wreath and a crown, positioned above a banner inscribed with the word LIBERTAS (Liberty)
meaning: the towers symbolize the Guaita, Cesta, and Montale fortresses located on Mount Titano; the colors white and blue are interpreted as representing peace and liberty
Capital
name
San Marino (city)
etymology
named after Saint MARINUS, who established a monastic community on Monte Titano during the early 4th century
time difference
UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time
+1hr, begins on the last Sunday of March; concludes on the last Sunday of October
geographic coordinates
43 56 N, 12 25 E
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Citizenship
citizenship by birth
no
citizenship by descent only
at least one parent must be a citizen of San Marino
dual citizenship recognized
no
residency requirement for naturalization
30 years
Constitution
history
The primary legislative frameworks of San Marino include traditional customs (antiche consuetudini), the Statutory Laws of San Marino (Leges Statutae Sancti Marini), historical statutes (antichi statute) from the 1600s, Brief Notes on the Constitutional Order and Institutional Organs of the Republic of San Marino (Brevi Cenni sull’Ordinamento Costituzionale e gli Organi Istituzionali della Repubblica di San Marino), and subsequent legislation, with the Declaration of the Rights of Citizens and Fundamental Principles of the San Marino Legal Order (Dichiarazione dei Diritti dei Cittadini e dei Principi Fondamentali dell’Ordinamento Sammarinese) being the most significant, ratified on 8 July 1974.
amendment process
proposed by the Great and General Council; to pass, a two-thirds majority vote in the Council is required; a simple majority vote in the Council also necessitates approval through a referendum.
Country name
etymology
named after Saint MARINUS, who founded a monastic settlement on Monte Titano in the early 4th century
local long form
Repubblica di San Marino
local short form
San Marino
conventional long form
Republic of San Marino
conventional short form
San Marino
Independence
3 September 301 (traditional founding date)
Legal system
civil law system influenced by Italian civil law
Government type
parliamentary republic
Judicial branch
highest court(s)
Council of Twelve or Consiglio dei XII (consists of 12 members)
subordinate courts
first instance and first appeal courts for criminal, administrative, and civil matters; Court for Trust and Trustee Relations; justices of the peace or conciliatory judges
judge selection and term of office
judges elected by the Grand and General Council from among its own to serve 5-year terms
Executive branch
cabinet
Congress of State elected by the Grand and General Council
chief of state
co-chiefs of state Captains Regent Matteo ROSSI and Lorenzo BUGLI (for the period 1 October 2025 - 31 March 2026)
election results
2025: Denise BRONZETTI (Reformist Alliance) and Italo RIGHI (Christian Democrat) elected as captains regent: percentage of Grand and General Council vote - NA
2024: Francesca CIVERCHIA (PDCS) and Dalibor RICCARDI (Free San Marino) elected as captains regent; percentage of Grand and General Council vote - NA
2019: Luca BECCARI (PDCS) elected as Secretary of State for Foreign and Political Affairs; percentage of Grand and General Council vote - NA
head of government
Secretary of State for Foreign and Political Affairs Luca BECCARI (since 8 January 2020)
most recent election date
co-chiefs of state: 1 April 2025
secretary of state: 28 December 2019
election/appointment process
co-heads of state (captains regent) are indirectly elected by the Grand and General Council for a single term lasting 6 months; the Secretary of State for Foreign and Political Affairs is also indirectly elected by the Grand and General Council for a single term of 5 years
expected date of next election
co-chiefs of state: September 2025
National holiday
Founding of the Republic (or Feast of Saint Marinus), celebrated on 3 September (A.D. 301)
National color(s)
white, blue
National heritage
total World Heritage Sites
1 (cultural)
selected World Heritage Site locales
San Marino Historic Center and Mount Titano
Political parties
Domani - Modus Liberi or DML
Free San Marino (Libera San Marino) or Libera
Future Republic or RF
Party of Socialists and Democrats or PSD
Reformist Alliance or AR
RETE Movement
Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party or PDCS
Socialist Party or PS
Tomorrow in Movement coalition (includes RETE Movement, DML)
Legislative branch
term in office
5 years
number of seats
60 (all directly elected)
electoral system
proportional representation
legislature name
Great and General Council (Consiglio grande e generale)
scope of elections
full renewal
legislative structure
unicameral
most recent election date
6/9/2024
expected date of next election
June 2029
percentage of women in chamber
35%
parties elected and seats per party
Christian Democratic Party of San Marino (PDCS) (22); Free (Libera) – Socialist Party (PS) (10); Future Republic (RF) (8); Party of Socialists and Democrats (PSD) (8); Tomorrow - Motus Liberi (5); Reformist Alliance (AR) (4); R.E.T.E. Citizens' Movement (3)
National anthem(s)
title
"Inno Nazionale della Repubblica" (National Anthem of the Republic)
history
adopted in 1894; the anthem's tune, which lacks lyrics, is derived from a 10th-century chorale piece
lyrics/music
no lyrics/Federico CONSOLO
National symbol(s)
three peaks, each displaying a tower
Administrative divisions
9 municipalities (castelli, singular - castello); Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino, Montegiardino, San Marino Citta, Serravalle
Diplomatic representation in the US
FAX
[1] (212) 751-1436
chancery
327 E 50th Street, New York, NY 10022
telephone
[1] (212) 751-1234
chief of mission
Ambassador Damiano BELEFFI (since 21 July 2017); also serves as Permanent Representative to the UN
email address and website
[email protected]
Republic of San Marino Permanent Mission to the United Nations
Diplomatic representation from the US
embassy
the United States does not maintain an Embassy in San Marino; the US Ambassador to Italy is accredited to San Marino, and the US Consulate General in Florence manages daily relations
International organization participation
CE, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Schengen Convention (de facto member), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WHO, WIPO
International law organization participation
has not filed a declaration of ICJ jurisdiction; acknowledges ICCt jurisdiction
Economy
Budget
revenues
$841.03 million (2023 est.)
expenditures
$816.886 million (2023 est.)
Exports
Exports 2020
$2.439 billion (2020 est.)
Exports 2021
$3.23 billion (2021 est.)
Exports 2022
$3.616 billion (2022 est.)
Imports
Imports 2020
$2.232 billion (2020 est.)
Imports 2021
$2.94 billion (2021 est.)
Imports 2022
$3.169 billion (2022 est.)
Industries
tourism, banking, textiles, electronics, ceramics, cement, wine
Public debt
Public debt 2022
103.2% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances
Remittances 2020
1.1% of GDP (2020 est.)
Remittances 2021
1.1% of GDP (2021 est.)
Remittances 2022
1.2% of GDP (2022 est.)
Exchange rates
Currency
euros (EUR) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2020
0.877 (2020 est.)
Exchange rates 2021
0.845 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2022
0.951 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2023
0.925 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2024
0.924 (2024 est.)
Economic overview
high-income, non-EU European economy; encircled by Italy, the principal importer and exporter; possesses an open border with the EU and utilizes the euro; robust financial sector; substantial foreign investments; low taxation; and a progressively high and risky debt profile
Exports - partners
Germany 12%, Austria 10%, USA 9%, Romania 8%, Brazil 7% (2023)
Imports - partners
Germany 24%, Italy 13%, Netherlands 9%, Spain 9%, Poland 8% (2023)
Real GDP per capita
Real GDP per capita 2020
$56,000 (2020 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2021
$64,700 (2021 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022
$70,900 (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate
Real GDP growth rate 2020
-6.6% (2020 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2021
13.9% (2021 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2022
7.9% (2022 est.)
Agricultural products
wheat, grapes, corn, olives; cattle, pigs, horses, beef, cheese, hides
Exports - commodities
washing and bottling machines, other foods, packaged medicine, woodworking machines, aircraft (2023)
Imports - commodities
garments, cars, electricity, animal food, footwear (2023)
Current account balance
Current account balance 2020
$42.98 million (2020 est.)
Current account balance 2021
$100.118 million (2021 est.)
Current account balance 2022
$284.256 million (2022 est.)
Taxes and other revenues
17.8% (of GDP) (2022 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate)
$1.832 billion (2022 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use
household consumption
35.5% (2022 est.)
government consumption
17.1% (2022 est.)
investment in inventories
5.2% (2022 est.)
investment in fixed capital
17.8% (2022 est.)
exports of goods and services
197.4% (2022 est.)
imports of goods and services
-173% (2022 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022
5.3% (2022 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023
5.9% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024
1.2% (2024 est.)
Industrial production growth rate
10.7% (2022 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020
$1.947 billion (2020 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021
$2.218 billion (2021 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022
$2.393 billion (2022 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021
$954.383 million (2021 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022
$716.066 million (2022 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023
$836.088 million (2023 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
industry
37.6% (2022 est.)
services
55.1% (2022 est.)
agriculture
0% (2022 est.)
Energy
Electricity access
electrification - total population
100% (2022 est.)
Communications
Internet users
percent of population
87% (2023 est.)
Broadcast media
The publicly owned broadcaster operates a single television station and three radio stations; it receives radio and television transmissions from Italy (2019)
Internet country code
.sm
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions
16,000 (2022 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
47 (2022 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular
total subscriptions
41,000 (2022 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
120 (2022 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions
total
12,000 (2022 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
36 (2022 est.)
Transportation
Airports
1 (2025)
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
T7
Military & Security
Military - note
Italy bears the duty of defense.
Military and security forces
San Marino Military Corps (Corpi Militari Sammarinesi), also referred to as the Sammarinese Armed Forces or Forze Armate Sammarinesi, encompasses the Fortress Guard Command (or Guard of the Rock), the Uniformed Company of the Militias, the Guard of the Great and General Council, and the Corps of the Gendarmerie.
The Ministry of Internal Affairs oversees the Civil Police Corps, established in 2025.
Military service age and obligation
The legal age for voluntary military service is set at 18; there is no conscription; the government retains the power to summon all San Marino citizens aged 16 to 60 for military duty (2025).
