Environment
Mongolia
Climate
arid; continental (significant variations in daily and seasonal temperatures)
Land use
other
21.9% (2023 est.)
forest
9.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land
69% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 0.7% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 68.2% (2023 est.)
Urbanization
urban population
69.1% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization
1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Methane emissions
other
2.9 kt (2019-2021 est.)
waste
14.2 kt (2019-2021 est.)
energy
532.2 kt (2022-2024 est.)
agriculture
525.2 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually
2.9 million tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled
13% (2022 est.)
Environmental issues
scarce natural freshwater supplies in certain regions; air contamination due to coal-fired power stations and insufficient regulations in Ulaanbaatar; soil degradation resulting from deforestation and excessive grazing; water contamination; desert expansion; impacts from mining
Total water withdrawal
municipal
45.3 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
industrial
166.2 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural
250.9 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions
total emissions
19.203 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke
13.489 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids
5.714 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions
41.3 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Total renewable water resources
34.8 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
International environmental agreements
party to
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified
none of the selected agreements