Environment
Mali
Climate
ranging from subtropical to arid climates; characterized by hot and dry conditions from February to June; experiencing rainy, humid, and mild weather from June to November; and featuring cool and dry temperatures from November to February
Land use
other
55.8% (2023 est.)
forest
8.8% (2023 est.)
agricultural land
35.5% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 6.8% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 0.2% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 28.4% (2023 est.)
Urbanization
urban population
46.2% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization
4.57% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually
1.937 million tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled
10.4% (2022 est.)
Environmental issues
deforestation; erosion of soil; desertification; reduction of pasture land; insufficient availability of drinking water
Total water withdrawal
municipal
107 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
industrial
4 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural
5.075 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions
total emissions
6.858 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke
83 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids
6.858 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions
48.5 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Total renewable water resources
120 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
International environmental agreements
party to
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified
Nuclear Test Ban