Environment
Bahrain
Climate
dry; winters that are mild and enjoyable; summers that are excessively hot and humid
Land use
other
84.2% (2023 est.)
forest
4.3% (2023 est.)
agricultural land
10.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 2.6% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 2.5% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 5% (2023 est.)
Urbanization
urban population
89.9% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization
1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Methane emissions
other
1.2 kt (2019-2021 est.)
waste
163.6 kt (2019-2021 est.)
energy
165.3 kt (2022-2024 est.)
agriculture
0.6 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually
951,900 tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled
14.1% (2022 est.)
Environmental issues
land degradation; periods of drought; deterioration of coastal areas due to oil spills and other discharges from large vessels, oil processing plants, and distribution facilities; scarcity of freshwater supplies; saltwater intrusion caused by a decrease in the water table
Total water withdrawal
municipal
275.6 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
industrial
14.1 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural
144.7 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions
total emissions
47.818 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from consumed natural gas
38.995 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke
-1,401 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids
8.825 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions
51.8 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Total renewable water resources
116 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
International environmental agreements
party to
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified
none of the selected agreements