Environment
Sudan
Climate
characterized by high temperatures and low precipitation; arid landscapes; the timing of the rainy season differs by area (April to November)
Land use
other
27.7% (2023 est.)
forest
12% (2023 est.)
agricultural land
60.3% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 11.2% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 0.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 49% (2023 est.)
Urbanization
urban population
36.3% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization
3.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Methane emissions
other
38.8 kt (2019-2021 est.)
waste
198.7 kt (2019-2021 est.)
energy
218.5 kt (2022-2024 est.)
agriculture
1,509.6 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually
2.831 million tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled
8.9% (2022 est.)
Environmental issues
contamination of water sources; insufficient access to drinking water; shortages of water and drought conditions; overexploitation of wildlife; erosion of soil; desert expansion; loss of forest cover; decline in biodiversity
Total water withdrawal
municipal
950 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
industrial
75 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural
25.91 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions
total emissions
18.242 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke
300 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids
18.242 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions
24.4 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Total renewable water resources
37.8 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
International environmental agreements
party to
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified
none of the selected agreements