Environment
Madagascar
Climate
coastal regions are tropical, while inland areas experience a temperate climate, and the southern part is arid
Land use
other
12.2% (2023 est.)
forest
17.5% (2023 est.)
agricultural land
70.3% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 5.2% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 64.1% (2023 est.)
Urbanization
urban population
40.6% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization
4.26% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually
3.769 million tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled
9.2% (2022 est.)
Environmental issues
soil degradation and erosion resulting from deforestation and overgrazing; desertification; fires in agricultural areas; pollution of water sources due to untreated sewage and other organic waste; conservation of wildlife
Total water withdrawal
municipal
395 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
industrial
161.9 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural
13 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions
total emissions
3.936 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke
1.057 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids
2.879 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions
16.7 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Total renewable water resources
337 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
International environmental agreements
party to
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified
none of the selected agreements