Introduction

Background

Founded in 1291, the Swiss Confederation originated as a defensive coalition of three cantons. Over time, additional regions joined the initial trio. The Confederation achieved independence from the Holy Roman Empire in 1499. In 1848, a constitution was established, which was later amended in 1874 to enable voters to propose referenda on legislative matters, transitioning from a confederation to a centralized federal government. Switzerland's sovereignty and neutral stance have been respected by major European powers for centuries, and the nation remained uninvolved in both World Wars. The political and economic integration of Europe over the last fifty years, along with Switzerland's participation in numerous UN and international organizations, has enhanced its relationships with neighboring countries. Nevertheless, Switzerland did not officially join the UN until 2002. The country continues to engage actively in various UN and international entities while upholding a strong commitment to neutrality.