Environment
Lebanon
Climate
Mediterranean climate characterized by mild to cool, wet winters and hot, dry summers; the Lebanon Mountains receive significant snowfall during the winter months
Land use
other
20.3% (2023 est.)
forest
13.8% (2023 est.)
agricultural land
65.9% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 13.1% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 13.7% (2023 est.)
agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 39.1% (2023 est.)
Urbanization
urban population
89.4% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization
-1.23% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Methane emissions
other
0.7 kt (2019-2021 est.)
waste
105.3 kt (2019-2021 est.)
energy
7.9 kt (2022-2024 est.)
agriculture
11.8 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually
2.04 million tons (2024 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled
15% (2022 est.)
Environmental issues
deforestation; degradation of soil, erosion; desertification; loss of species; air pollution in Beirut caused by traffic emissions and industrial waste incineration; contamination of coastal waters due to untreated sewage and oil spills; management of wastewater
Total water withdrawal
municipal
240 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
industrial
900 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
agricultural
700 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions
total emissions
17.484 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke
375,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids
17.109 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions
23.8 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Total renewable water resources
4.503 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
International environmental agreements
party to
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified
Environmental Alteration, Conservation of Marine Life